The Rise of the NationState

Loyalty not to King but to a nation of people

with common culture
1850-1871

The Rise of the

Nation-States of
Germany

The start of the Nation-states of

Germany
The unification
of Germany
began under
Hohenzollerns.
One of them is
Frederick
William

Frederick William
Known as the Great Elector
He ruled 48 years
A strong ambitious ruler
He expanded commerce and industry
And he gave works for Germans great
military power
He sought to expand Prussia
And he left Prussia with a great military
power on his death

Napoleon Bonaparte
After Frederick
died Napoleon
came
He paved the way
to German
unification by
combining 300
city states to just
38 states.

 This force Frederick III into war with

Napoleon
But napoleon easily defeated him
As a result Frederick had to give some
territories to Napoleon
The proud men of Frederick will never
forget this defeat
They waited a chance to take revenge,
even to ally with France

 After the fall of napoleon The congress of

Vienna came
Congress of Vienna
Its main goal is
To establish balance of power to
overwhelming empire, such as Napoleonic
empire
And to help prevent and lessen revolutions

 In 1848 revolts broke out in many

countries
People is asking more liberal reforms
Even though Frederick William IV issued
reforms people still revolt because they
didnt give the reforms they ask for

 In 1861 William
KING WILLIAM
became king
He organized the army
And then Bismarck
came
He planned to unify the
German states
He was against liberal
ideas
His policy was blood
and iron.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Master of
Realpolitik
JUNKER
Chancellor of
Prussia
War to mold a state
7 weeks war with

Austria
Franco-Prussian
War

German Unification
Bismarck uses unification gussips to
strengthen Prussia
Step One: take out Austria
Went to War

German Unification
Bismarck picks a fight with Austria
Seven Weeks War ends with Austrian defeat
Prussia wins rivalry with Austria

German Unification
Step Two: Unite Southern German States
and take out France
Provoke France into a war
Franco-Prussian War, 1870

Franco-Prussian War

THE RISE OF GERMAN

EMPIRE
THEY won the war
Declaration German Empire

Balance of power in Europe altered

Victory parade of Germans

Wilhelm I
Declared Emperor

Stirrings of Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall
of Roman Empire
Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into
competing states, each with own government
Napoleon invaded Italy
United many states under one government
After Napoleons defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian

states

The rise of
Nation-States
of Italy

After Napoleons Defeat

Absolute rule were restored
People experienced brief unity
People were discontented with the situation
Revolts broke up
Secret societies were organized

After Congress of Vienna

Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old
Europe, old relationships
15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair
1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at
Congress of Vienna

Birth of Patriots
During the disorganize state of Italy it gave
birth to patriots
First is Giuseppe Mazzini
Second is Count Camillo di Cavour
Third is Giuseppe Garibaldi

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
He believed that the
time had come for the
Italians to Unite into a
DEMOCRATIC
country

He established the
secret society
young Italy

Mazzini and Young Italy

Secret Societies

Young Italy

Italian artists, writers,

thinkers became
interested in celebrating
Italys cultural traditions

1831, popular writer,

Giuseppe Mazzini,
launched nationalist group
called Young Italy to fight
for unification of Italian
states

Others formed secret

societies to work for
political change, plotted
to overthrow Austrian
government in Italy

Mazzini had been exiled

but smuggled patriotic
pamphlets into Italy
Young Italy attracted tens
of thousands of Italians to
cause of unification

The Path Toward Unity

As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful
rebellions. Then two men rose to lead a successful
movement to unify Italy.
Cavour and Sardinia
Uprisings, Revolutions
1848, nationalist-inspired
revolutions spread throughout
Europe
In some Italian states, citizens
rebelled against Austrian rule
Piedmont declared war against
Austria, fought for a year, was
defeated
Others seized Rome, 1849;
French troops helped pope
regain control

Only successful revolt was in

Sardinia
Rulers forced to grant new
constitution; Sardinia remained
independent
One of most important leaders of
Italian unification emerged,
Camillo di Cavour
Founded nationalist newspaper, Il
Risorgimentoresurgence or
rebirth

Count Camillo di Cavour

He shared with
Mazzini's dreams.
His aim is to drive
they Austrian
troops away and
create a united
Italy

Sardinia and Italy

Kingdom of Sardinia

1852, Cavour became

prime minister of
independent Kingdom
of Sardinia
Believed thriving
economy is important
for Italy to be reborn
Ally

Economy
Cavour worked to build
Sardinian economy
Believed Italy should be
reborn as monarchy
Frances Support

Cavour in position to
cultivate powerful ally

France agreed to
support Sardinia in war
against Austria

Supported France in war

with Russia; gave
France provinces of
Savoy, Nice

1860, northern Italian

states liberated from
control of Austrian
Empire

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
He instigated an
insurrection in 1850
against the bourbon
ruler.
With the help of
Cavour they
organized the RED
SHIRTS to stage the
insurrection
And they won

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Sword of Italy
Many Italians consider Cavour brain of Italian unification, Mazzini heart
Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called sword of Italy
Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833

Exile
Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice
Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America
Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian
domination

Return

1854, Garibaldi returned for good

Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria
After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

Garibaldi and Red Shirts

Control and Elections

The Red Shirts

Unification

Followers known as Red Shirts

because of colorful uniforms

1861, territories held elections, all

agreed to unification

By July 1860, using guerilla

warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts
gained control of island of Sicily

1866, Prussia defeated Austria,

gave Venetia to Italy

September, Garibaldi, Sardinian

troops conquered Naples
Red Shirts now controlled southern
part Italian peninsula
Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two
Sicily's to Sardinian king Victor
Emmanuel

1870, Prussia forced French to

withdraw from Rome
Italian troops entered Rome,
completed unification under King
Victor Emmanuel

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

Challenges After Unification

In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.
Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of
social and economic problems.
Social, Economic
Poverty,
Reforms
Problems
Emigration
Strong regional
differences led to lack
of unity

Poverty serious
problem, caused many
to emigrate

Southern Italians
resented being
governed by Rome

1880s, large numbers

left Italy, many for
Americas

Catholic Church did not Unemployment, rising

recognize Italy as
taxes led to rioting,
legitimate nation
violence

Voting reform a major

priority
1870, only wealthiest
Italian men could vote
By late 1800s most
adult male taxpayers
could vote

Improvements the united

country
Because of their
united country
they were able
to face the
problems

They were able to

improve the their up
until now.