Basic Measurement Tools

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OVERVIEW
 Tools for Analyzing Problems
– Flowchart
– Cause and Effect Diagram
– Pareto Chart
 Tools for Analyzing Data
– Scatter Diagram
– Histogram
– Run Chart

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FLOWCHART
 Definition
– A Picture Which Describes The Main
Steps, Branches, and Eventual Outputs of
a Process
 When To Use It
– At Steps 1, 2, And 6 Of The CIP

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 FLOWCHART EXAMPLE
DORMITORY OUTPROCESSING
Clean Baggage, Both Squadron Are
Start Computer, and CCs Rooms
Chapel Room Inspect Clean? NO

YES

3X5 Room Place

Consolidate,
Discrepancy Cards Remove All Linen &
Pack, Ship, Ensure
Leave On Desk Items From Blanket
or Discard Room is
For Lower-Class Room Before Outside Door
All Unneeded Neat & Orderly
SQ Maint Mobility Graduation For Pickup
Room Items
Officer
NO
Squadron CCs
FTO Inspects Perform
Is Room
Room Walk Through
Clean?
After Parade Prior to FTO
YES
FTO Locks Room
End 4
FLOWCHART
 Interpreting Results
– Compare Actual Flow To Ideal Flow To
Identify Deviations In The Process
– Examine Those Noted Differences To
Identify Possible Areas To Reduce
Variation In The Process

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FLOWCHART EXERCISE
Marching to the Dining Hall
Start Leave the Bldg

???

End Enter the Dining Hall

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CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Definition
– Diagram That Illustrates The
Relationship Between An Outcome And
The Factors That Affect It.
 When To Use It
– At Step 3 Of The CIP

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 CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
Causes Effect
Distribution Obstacles Mechanical
Kids Pothole Brakes
Fi
gh Animal
tin Steering
Spouse g
Other Cars Construction Tires
Lost Control
of Car
Drugs Snow
s
Alcohol Ice Tire
g
ron Sun
Sleepy Rain W Bl
ind
Sp
ot
Personal Weather

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CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
 Interpreting Results
– Identify Possible Root Causes
– Prioritize List Of Causes
– Look For Large Groupings Of Causes

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CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
EXERCISE
Scenario:
“There have been 4 security violations
in you squadron in the first three weeks
of training. The Squadron Commander
wants to know what could be causing
these security violations.”

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PARETO CHART
 Definition
– Bar Graph That Helps Determine The
Relative Importance Of Process
Problems. “Pareto Principle”
 When To Use It
– At Steps 2, 3, And 5 Of The CIP

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PARETO CHART EXAMPLE
35

30

25

20

15

10

0 POOR
COST QUANTITY TASTE OTHER
SERVICE

CATEGORIES 12
PARETO CHART
 Interpreting Results
– Be Critical
– Look At Problems Not Symptoms
– Use Common Sense

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 PARETO CHART EXERCISE
Num of
ITEM Frequency Demerits TOTAL
1. Unexcused Tardiness 3 5 8
2. Security Violation 1 5 6
3. Improper Wear of 15 2 17
Uniform
4. Personal Hygiene 2 4 6
5. Disrespect to a 5 5 10
Commissioned Officer
6. Dorm Maintenance 6 2 8

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 PARETO CHART EXERCISE
40
Highest Total Demerits
35

30

Number25of
Demerits
20

15

10

0
WEAR OF DIS- TARDY DORM PERS SECURITY
UNIFORM RESPECT MAINT HYG

Categories 15
 PARETO CHART EXERCISE
20
18
Frequency Per Category
16
14

12
Frequency
10
8
6
4
2
0
WEAR OF DORM DIS- TARDY PERS SECURITY
UNIFORM MAINT RESPECT HYG

CATEGORIES 16
 CHECK THE DATA!!

CHECK IT AGAIN!!

BREAK, BREAK, BREAK

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SCATTER DIAGRAM
 Definition
– A Picture Representation Of Possible
Relationships Between Two Variables In
A Process.
 When To Use It
– At Steps 3 And 5 Of The CIP

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 SCATTER DIAGRAM EXAMPLE
Average Workload versus worker-hours

data
500 point
400
Work hours 300
(effect Variable)
200
100
0
0 50 100 150
Average Workload (cause variable)
(monthly item records loaded; thousands)
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SCATTER DIAGRAM
 Interpreting Results
– Look For A General Pattern Of Plotted
Points
– Tightness Of Grouping Indicates Relative
Correlation

POSITIVE NEGATIVE NO
CORRELATION CORRELATION CORRELATION
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SCATTER DIAGRAM EXERCISE
Plot the possible relationship of the
travel time to work versus distance
from job.

TIME

DISTANCE
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HISTOGRAM

 Definition
– A Bar Graph Representing The Amount
Of Variation Within A Process.
 When To Use It
– At Steps 2, 3 And 5 Of The CIP

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 HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
Weights Of 80 Officers
20

15
# of
Officers 10
(Frequency)
5

0
109 133.8 158.6 183.4
Weight (lbs)
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HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
 Collect The Data:
208 180 139 163 159
155 180 165 149 127
159 171 141 190 159
153 181 180 137 161
115 156 173 165 191
159 109 179 145 144
150 206 166 188 165
127 130 172 180 147
145 150 156 171 189
190 200 208 169 139
130 128 155 185 166
165 187 159 178 169
147 150 201 128 170
189 163 150 158 180
139 149 185 129 169
175 189 150 201 175 24
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
 Determine The Intervals:
If you have Use this
this many number of
data points: intervals (K):
< 50 5 -7
50 - 99 6 - 10
100 - 249 7 - 12
> 250 10 - 20

for this example K = 8

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HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
 Determine The Range:

where R = range:
R=X -X
largest smallest

Example:
R = 208 - 109 = 99

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HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE

 Determine The Interval Width:

where H = interval width:

H = R/K

Example:
H = 99/8 = 12.4
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HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
 DetermineThe Starting Point For
Each Interval:
Interval Lower
Boundary
1 109
2 121.4
3 133.8
4 146.2
5 158.6
6 171.0
7 183.4
8 195.8
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HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE
 Plot The Data:
Interval Tally (Frequency) Total
109 under 121.4 II 2
121.4 under 133.8 IIIII II 7
133.8 under 146.2 IIIII III 8
146.2 under 158.6 IIIII IIIII IIIII 15
158.6 under 171.0 IIIII IIIII IIIII III 18
171.0 under 183.4 IIIII IIIII IIII 14
183.4 under 195.8 IIIII IIIII 10
195.8 under 208.2 IIIII I 6

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 HISTOGRAM EXAMPLE

WEIGHTS OF 80 OFFICERS
20

15
# of
Officers
(Frequency) 10

0
109 133.8 158.6 183.4

Weight (lbs) 30
HISTOGRAM
 Interpreting Results
– Look For Normal Distributions
» Investigate Abnormalities

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RUN CHART
 Definition
– Graphically Represents Changes In A
Process Over Time (Trends)
 When To Use It
– At Steps 1, 2, And 5 Of The CIP
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
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 RUN CHART EXAMPLE
Number of People TDY per Week
10
8
people TDY

6 avg. = 6.8
# of

4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Week

33
RUN CHART
 Interpreting Results
– Investigate Points Moving Away From
Average

34
 RUN CHART EXERCISE
Use the data listed below to construct a Run Chart
WEEK OF TRAINING DEMERITS
2 400
4 450
6 300
8 200
10 350
12 300
14 150
16 50
AVERAGE = 275
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RUN CHART EXERCISE (ANSWER)
DEMERITS
450

400

350

300

250 AVG = 275

200

150

100

50

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
WEEK OF TRAINING 36
SUMMARY
 Flowchart
– Picture Of Process
– Use It To Analyze Problems
– Compare Current And Ideal Process
 Cause And Effect Diagram
– Shows Relationship Between Causes And Outcomes In Process
– Used To Analyze Problems
– Identify Possible Root Causes
 Pareto Chart
– Bar Chart Of Major Problems “Pareto Principle”
– Used To Analyze Problems
– Identify Possible Root Causes

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SUMMARY
 Scatter Diagram
– Id Possible Relationships
– Use At Step 3 Of CIP
– Tighter Groups--strong Relationship
 Histogram
– Shows Variation In Process
– Comprehend Total Variability
– Investigate Abnormalities
 Run Chart
– Graphically Represents Trends
– Recognize Abnormal “Behavior”
– Investigate Points Away From Average

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