Space Requirements

Determination of the Production Rate

Determination of Batch Production Quantities
Economic Order Quantity Models
Reject Allowance Problem

Determination of Equipment Requirements

Determination of Employee Requirements
Manual Assembly Operators
Machine Operators

Determination of Space Requirements

Tables for Aisle Allowance, Food Services and Restrooms
Other Methods to Determine Space Requirements
Parking Space

Determination of the Production Rate

The production rate of a department is a
major determinant of the amount of space
required. The production rate of a processing
station is the number of units produced per
time unit. The production rate can be
determined from a marketing forecast of the
finished product.
Notation:
a = arrival rate of raw material.
d = demand rate of a product.
p = production rate of a processing station.
s = scrap probability of an inspection station.
r = rework probability of an inspection station.

a
1
p
r

1
d

Example 1

p1

p3

4
p4

p2

Consider the operation process chart shown in

the Figure. The percentage of rejected parts at
inspection stations 1, 2 and 3 are 5%, 4% and
6%, respectively. The annual operating time
is 2,500 hours, and the annual demand
forecast for the product is 490,000 units. Due
to possible forecasting errors, 10,000
additional units per year are required. Find
the production rate at each station.

s1

2
(2)

s2

(1)

5
p5

6
p6

3
d

s3

p1

Example 1 Solution

p3

490,000 10,000
d
200 units / hr. (good units)
2,500
d
200
p5 p 6

212.76 units / hr.

(1 s3 ) 0.94

p5
212.76
p3 p4

22163
. units / hr.
(1 s2 )
0.96

4
p4

p2
s1

2
(2)

s2

(1)

5
p5

2 p5
2 212.76
p1 p 2

447.92 units / hr.

(1 s1 )
0.95

p6

3
d

s3

Example 2
Consider a product that requires a single operation. After the operation is
performed, each unit is inspected. A unit passes inspection with probability
0.92, is scrapped with probability 0.05, or has to be reworked with probability
0.03. If the demand for this product is 82,000 units per year and the annual
operating time is 2,500 hours, determine the production rate at the processing
station.

82,000
d
32.80 units / hr. (good units)
2,500

a
1

p
r

1
d

d
32.80

35.65 units / hr.

(1 s r ) 0.92

a p (1 r ) 35.65 0.97 34.58 units / hr.

Determination of Batch Production Quantities

In process layout, a given machine can be used to process different
products. In certain product layouts, the same production (or
assembly) line can be used to produce (or assemble) similar products
with the same process plan. In both of these cases, jobs are produced
in batches. Optimal batch production quantities can be computed
using an inventory control model.
Process layouts are also used in job shops where one-shot jobs are
received and processed. Rather than producing for inventory, the
order is processed and shipped to the customer. The reject allowance
problem determines the optimal production lot size for a given order
when a portion of the lot may be defective.

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model

Assumptions:
Items are withdrawn from stock continuously at a constant demand rate a
(units/time unit).
Items are produced or ordered Q units at a time, and all Q units arrive
instantaneously, i.e., there is no lead time.
This is a continuous review process, i.e., we look at the inventory continuously and
when it reaches zero, we order.

Notation:
K = setup cost ($/order).
c = unit purchasing or production cost ($/unit).
h = unit holding cost ($/unit/time unit).
X(t) = inventory on hand at time t.
T = cycle time (time between consecutive orders).

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model (cont.)

Total cost per cycle (TCC) = ordering cost + holding cost:

h Q2
Q Q
TCC K c Q h K c Q
2a
2 a

Total cost per unit time (TC) =

TCC
T

h Q2
K cQ
2a
aK
hQ
TC

ac
Q
Q
2
a

X(t)

-a

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model (cont.)

Minimization of TC with respect to Q:

d TC a K h

0
dQ
2
Q2

Solution:

2a K
h

Q*

T*

Q*

TC*

: EOQ Formula
2a K
h

TC

TC*

2K
ah

aK
hQ*
ac
2Ka h ac
Q*
2

hQ

aK

Q
ca

Q*

EOQ Model with Quantity Discounts

Consider the EOQ model with the following unit cost structure with
discount for larger amounts:
For

0 Q < M1

the unit cost is

c0

M1 Q < M2

c1

.
Mn-1 Q < Mn

.
cn-1

Mn Q

cn

Mi, i = 1,, n, represent the price break points, such that

M1 < M2 < . < Mn.
Assumption: unit costs are such that c0 > c1 > . > cn.

EOQ Model with Quantity Discounts (cont.)

Algorithm to find Q*:
Step 1: Determine

2Ka
.
h

Step 2: Find the interval (Mi, Mi+1), where Q falls in.

Step 3: Compare the total cost for the amount Q,
with the total cost for the amounts Mi+1, Mi+2, , Mn,

TC 2 a K h c i a ,
aK hMj
TC( M j )

a c j.
Mj
2

Step 4: Select the amount corresponding to the minimum total cost per time unit:
TC* = min {TC, TC(Mi+1), TC(Mi+2), , TC(Mn)}.

Example 3: EOQ Model

The publisher of a newspaper periodically replenishes paper for stock. Paper comes in
large rolls. The demand is 32 rolls/ week. The cost of ordering is $25 and the cost per
roll is $40. The cost of keeping paper is $1/roll/week. Determine the EOQ and the
optimal cycle time.
a = 32 rolls/week,
K = $25/order,
h = $1/roll/week.

Q*

T*

2a K

2 32 25
40 rolls
1

Q * 40

125
. weeks
a
32

Example 4: EOQ Model with Quantity Discounts

In the newspaper example, find Q* given the following quantity discounts:
1 - 9 rolls:
$12/roll,
10 - 49 rolls:
$10/roll,
50 - 99 rolls:
$9.50/roll,
100 rolls or more:
$9/roll.

2 35 25
40 rolls
1

TC(50)

40 (10, 49)

32 25 1 50

9.5 32 $345 / week

50
2

Min {$360, $345, $346}=$345

TC(40) 2 32 25 1 10 32 $360 / week

TC(100)

32 25 1 100

9 32 $346 / week
100
2

Q* = 50 rolls

Reject Allowance Problem

In job shops, one time jobs are received and processed. There is no production to
inventory. Each batch is only produced once. If there is a defective rate, how many
units must be produced? The following expected profit model is formulated to
determine the optimal batch size:
Q

max Q E[ P(Q)] {R (Q, x) C( Q, x)}p Q ( x)

x0

where

Q = lot size,
x = number of good parts,
pQ(x) = P{X=x : lot size is Q}, x=0,1,,Q,
R(Q,x) = revenue for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,
C(Q,x) = cost for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,
P(Q,x) = R(Q,x) - C(Q,x) : profit for producing Q parts with x good ones,
E[] = expected value.

Example 5

A company receives an order for 10 machined parts. The unit sale price is $1,000. Only
one production can be made due to the long setup time required and short due date of the
order. If 8 or fewer parts are acceptable, the customer will cancel the order. If 9 or 10 parts
are acceptable, the customer will purchase all of them. If more than 10 parts are acceptable,
the customer will only buy 10. The remaining parts, good or bad, can be sold for $25 each.
The cost of producing a part is estimated to be $600. Find the optimal lot size.

Probability mass function pQ(x):

Lot size
10
11
12
13
14

7
0.2

8
0.3
0.2
0.1

9
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2

Number of good parts

10
11
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2

12

13

14

0.2
0.2
0.3

0.1
0.2

0.1

Example 5 Solution

R ( Q, x )

25 Q
x 0,...,8
1000x 25(Q x)
x 9,10
1000 10 25(Q 10) x 11,..., Q

C(Q,x) = C(Q) = 600Q

Q

x0

x0

E[ P(Q)] {R (Q, x) C( Q, x)}p Q ( x) [ R (Q, x) p Q ( x)] C(Q)

8

10

x0
10

x9

x 11

E[ P(Q)] 25 Q p Q ( x) [1000 x 25(Q x)]p Q ( x) (10000 25(Q 10)]p Q ( x) 600 Q

Q

975 x p Q ( x) 9750 p Q ( x) 575 Q

x9

x 11

Example 5 Solution (cont.)

E[P(10)] = 975(90.3+100.2) + 97500 - 57510 = -1167.50

E[P(11)] = 975(90.3+100.3) + 97500.2 - 57511 = 1182.50
E[P(12)] = 975(90.2+100.3) + 9750(0.2+0.2) - 57512 = 1680.00
E[P(13)] = 975(90.2+100.2) + 9750(0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57513 = 2080.00
E[P(14)] = 975(100.2) + 9750(0.2+0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57514 = 1700.00

Optimal lot size: Q* = 13 units

Expected profit: E[P(Q*)] = $2,080.00

Determination of Equipment Requirements

Given the desired production rate at each processing stage, we can determine
the number of required machines:

n Pij Tij

Mj
H
ij
i 1
where Pij = production rate for product i on machine j (units/period),
Tij = processing time for product i on machine j (hrs./unit),
Hij = time units available per period for the processing of product i on
machine j (hrs.),
Mj = number of machines of type j required,
n = number of products.

Example 5
CIN-A1 Workcenters are used to produce three types of parts, {1, 2, 3}. Production rates
and unit processing times for the different items are given in the following table:
Item type
i
1
2
3

Production rate
Pi (units/day)
100
200
50

Unit processing time

Ti (min./unit)
6
9
12

The facility operates one shift per day (8 hrs./day = 480 min./day). Determine the number of
workcenters required to meet production requirements.
Hi = min. available to process item i per day (Hi = 480 min.),
MA = number of workcenters.

3 Pi Ti
100 6 200 9 50 12
MA

6.25 7 workcenters CIN A1.

H
480
i
i 1

Employee Requirements - Manual Assembly

In the case of manual assembly operations, the number of employees required
is determined in the same way machine requirements are calculated:
n Pij Tij

Aj
H
ij
i 1

where Pij = production rate for assembly operation j of product i (units/period),

Tij = standard time for assembly operation j of product i (hrs./unit),
Hij = time units available per period for assembly operation j of product i
(hrs.),
Aj = number of operators required for assembly operation j,
n = number of products.

Multiple Activity Chart Analysis of Multi-Machine Assignment

O-1 M-1

O-1 M-1 M-2

O-1 M-1 M-2 M-3

L-1

L-1

L-1

0
2

L
R

I&T

4
U-2

6
R
8

L-2

L-2

I&T

20

L-3
U-1

U-1

L-1

L-1

I&T
R

R
U-2

U-3

14

18

LEGEND:

I&T
U

12

16

U-2

I&T

10

I&T
U-1

L-1

I&T
U-2

O : Operator
M : Machine
L : Load
U : Unload
I : Inspection
T : Travel
R : Automatic run
: Idle time

Employee Requirements - Machine Operators

The number of machine operators required depends on the number of machines tended
by one or more operators. The determination of the number of machines to be assigned
to one operator can take two approaches:
deterministic,
probabilistic.

A deterministic approach is to employ the multiple activity chart. This chart shows the
multiple activity relationships graphically against a time scale. The chart is useful in
analyzing multiple activity relationships, specially, when non-identical machines are
supervised by a single operator.

Let

a = concurrent activity time (loading, unloading, etc.),

b = independent operator activity time (inspecting, packing, etc.),
t = independent machine activity time (automatic run),
n = maximum number of machines that can be assigned to an operator.

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

n'

at
ab

Note that n may be non-integer.

Let m = (integer) number of machines assigned to an operator,

Tc = repeating cycle time,
I0 = idle operator time during a repeating cycle,
Im = idle time per machine during a repeating cycle.
at

m n'

m(a b)

m n'

Tc

(a t ) m(a b)
I0
0

(1)

m n'
m n'

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

m(a b) (a t )
0

Im

Let

m n'
m n'

c1 = cost per operator - hr.,

c2 = cost per machine - hr.,
TC(m) = cost per unit produced, based on the assignment of m machines per operator.
T
TC( m) (c1 m c 2 ) c
m

(2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(c1 m c 2 )( a t )
TC( m)
m
(c1 m c 2 )(a b)

m n'
m n'

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

We want to find the value of m that minimizes TC(m).

Note that
and

If n is integer, n is the optimal number of machines per operator.

Otherwise, let n < n < n+1. In this case, TC(n) and TC(n+1) have to be compared:

for m n,
for m > n,

where

m ()
m ()

TC(m) (),
TC(m) ().

(c1 n c 2 )(a t )
TC( n)
n n'

TC( n 1) [c1 ( n 1)c 2 ]n(a b) n 1 n

c
1c .
2

If <1, assign n machines per operator.

If >1, assign n+1 machines per operator.

Example 6

Semiautomatic machines are used to produce a particular product. It takes 4 minutes to

load and 3 minutes to unload a machine. A machine runs automatically for 25 minutes in
producing one unit of the product. Travel time between machines is 20 seconds. While
machines are automatically running, the operator inspects the unit previously produced;
75 seconds are required to inspect one unit. An operator costs $15 per hour, and a
machine costs $40 per hour.
a) Determine the number of machines assigned to an operator to minimize the cost per unit
produced.
a = 4 + 3 = 7 min., b = 20 + 75 = 95 sec. = 1.58 min., t = 25 min.,
c1 = $15/hr. = $0.25/min., c2 = $40/hr. = $0.67/min.
n'

7 25
3.73
7 158
.

TC(3)

(0.25 3 0.67)(7 25)

$24.0
3

TC(4) (0.25 4 0.67)(7 158

. ) $25.03

m* = 3 machines/operator.

Example 6 (cont.)
b) For what range of values of machine cost per hour will the optimal assignment
determined in part (a) be economic.
TC(3) TC(4),
( 0.25 3 c 2 )(7 25)
(0.25 4 c 2 )(7 158
. ),
3

(0.25 + 3c2) 1.24 (0.25 + 4c2),

0.0607 0.27c2

c2 $0.225/min. = $13.48/hr.

c2 0.225,

Space Reqs.: Workstation Specification

A workstation consists of the fixed assets needed to perform a specific

operation(s).
The equipment space consists of space for
- The equipment
- Machine travel

- Machine maintenance
- Plant services

Equipment space requirements are available from machinery data sheets

(provided by the supplier). If this data is not available, the following
information must be obtained for each machine:
-

Machine manufacturer and type

- Maximum travel to the left
Machine model and serial number
- Maximum travel to the right
Location of machine safety stops
- Static depth at maximum point
Floor loading requirement - Maximum travel towards the operator
Static height at maximum point
- Maximum travel away from the operator
Maximum vertical travel - Maintenance requirements and areas
Static width at maximum point
- Plant service requirements and areas

Space Reqs.: Workstation Specification (cont.)

Area requirements for a machine:

Total width = (static width) + (max. travel to left) + (max. travel to right)
Total depth = (static depth) + (max. travel toward operator) + (max. travel away from operator)

Area (machine + machine travel) = (total width) * (total depth)

The materials areas consists of space for

Receiving and storing materials

In-process materials
Storing and shipping materials
Storing and shipping waste and scrap
Tools, fixtures, jigs, dies, and maintenance materials

The personnel areas consists of space for

The operator
Material handling
Operator ingress and egress

General Guidelines for Design of Workstations

The operator should be able to pick up and discharge materials without
walking or making long or awkward reaches.
The operator should be utilized efficiently and effectively.
The time spent manually handling materials should be minimized.
The safety, comfort and productivity of the operator must be
maximized.
Hazards, fatigue and eye strain must be minimized.
A workstation sketch is required to determine total area requirements.

Space Reqs.: Department Specification

Department area requirements are not simply the sum of the areas of
the individual workstations included in each department.
Machine maintenance, plant services, incoming and outgoing
materials, and operator ingress and egress areas for various
workstations must be combined.
Additional space is required for material handling within the
department. Space requirements for aisles can be approximated since
the relative sizes of the loads to be handled are known.

Tables for Aisle Allowance

Table 1. Aisle Allowance Estimates
If the Largest Load is
Less than 6 ft2
Between 6 and 12 ft2
Between 12 and 18 ft2
Greater than 18 ft2

Aisle Allowance
(Percentage of Net
Area Required)
5 10
10 20
20 30
30 - 40

In Example 7,
10

86
(20 10) 13.33 %.
12 6

Table 2. Recommended Aisle Widths

for Various Types of Flow
Type of Flow
Tractors
3-ton Forklift
2-ton Forklift
1-ton Forklift
Narrow Aisle Truck
Manual Platform Truck
Personnel
Personnel with Doors Opening
into the Aisle from One Side
Personnel with Doors Opening
into the Aisle from Two Sides

Aisle Width
(ft)
12
11
10
9
6
5
3
6
8

Example 7
A planning department for the ABC Company consists of 13 machines that perform turning
operations. Five turret lathes, six automatic screw machines, and two chuckers are included in the
planning department. Bar stock, in 8-ft bundles, is delivered to the machines. The footprints for the
machines are 412 ft2 for the turret lathes, 414 ft2 for the screw machines, and 56 ft2 for the
chuckers. Personnel space footprints of 45 ft2 are used. Materials storage requirements are
estimatefd to be 20 ft2 per turret lathe, 40 ft2 per screw machine, and 50 ft2 per chucker. An aisle
space allowance of 13% is used. The space calculations are summarized in the table below.
2

Service Requirements
Workstation Quantity

Power

Compressed
Air

Other

Area (ft )
Floor
Loading

Ceiling
Height

Equipment

Material

Personnel

Total

Turret
Lathe

440 V
AC

10 CFM @
100 psi

150 PSF

240

100

100

440

Screw
Machine

440 V
AC

10 CFM @
100 psi

190 PSF

336

240

120

696

Chucker

440 V
AC

10 CFM @
100 psi

150 PSF

60

100

40

200

Net Area Required

13% Aisle Allowance
Total Area Required

1336
174
1510

Food Services
Table 3. Shift Timing for 30 min.
Lunch Breaks
Beginning of
Lunch Break
11:30 am
11:50 am
12:10 pm
12:30 pm

Time Sat Down

In Chair
11:40 am
12:00 noon
12:20 pm
12:40 pm

End of
Lunch Break
12:00 noon
12:20 pm
12:40 pm
1:00 pm

Table 4. Space Requirements

for Cafeterias
Classification
Commercial
Industrial
Banquet

Allowance per
Person (ft.2)
16 18
12 15
10 11

Table 5. Space Requirements

for Full Kitchens
Number of
Meals Served
100 200
200 400
400 800
800 1300
1300 2000
2000 3000
3000 - 5000

Area
Requirements
(ft.2)
500 1000
800 1600
1400 2800
2400 3900
3250 5000
4000 6000
5500 9250

Example 8
Statement:
If a facility employs 600 people and they are to eat in three equal 30 min. shifts, how
much space should be planned for the cafeteria with vending machines, serving lines, or
a full kitchen?

Solution:
If 36-in. square tables are to be utilized, Table 4 indicates 12 ft. 2 are required for
each of the 200 employees to eat per shift. Therefore, a 2,400 ft. 2 cafeteria should
be planned. If a vending area is to be used in conjunction with the cafeteria, an area
of 200 ft.2 should be allocated for vending machines. Thus, a vending machine food
service facility would require 2,600 ft. 2
A service line may serve 70 employees in the first third of the meal shift. Therefore,
three serving lines of 300 ft. 2 each should be planned. A total of 3,300 ft.2 would be
required for a food service facility using serving lines.
A full kitchen will require 3,300 ft. 2 for serving lines plus (from Table 5) 2,100 ft. 2
for the kitchen. Therefore, a total of 5,400 ft. 2 would be required for a full kitchen
food service facility.

Restrooms
Table 6. Number of Toilets Needed
for Number of Employees
Maximum Number of
Employees Present
at any One Time
1 15
16 35
36 55
56 80
81 110
111 150
Over 150

Minimum Number
of Toilets Needed
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 additional toilet
for each additional
40 employees

Table 7. Number of Sinks Needed for Type

of Employment and Number of Employees
Type of
Employment
Non-industrial
(Office and
Public Facilities)

Number of
Employees
1 15
16 35
36 60
61 90
91 125
Over 125
1 100

Industrial
(Manufacturing
and warehouse
Facilities)

Over 100

Minimum Number
Of Sinks
1
2
3
4
5
1 sink for each
additional 45
employees
1 sink for each
10 employees
1 sink for each
additional 15
employees

Other Methods to Determine Space Requirements

ConvertingMethod
The present space requirements are converted to those
required for the proposed layout. It is important to
establish valid assumptions, because the total space
required is not a linear function of the production
quantity.
Thismethodisusedtodeterminespacerequirementsfor
supportingservice,storageareas,etc.

RoughedoutLayoutMethod
Templatesormodelsareplacedonthelayouttoestimate
thegeneralconfigurationandspacerequirements.

Other Methods to Determine Space Reqs. (cont.)

SpaceStandardsMethod
Incertaincasesindustrystandardscanbeusedtodeterminespace
requirements.
Standardsmaybeestablishedbasedonpastsuccessfulapplications.

RatioTrendandProjectionMethod
Onecanestablisharatioofsquarefeettosomeotherfactorthat
canbemeasuredandpredictedfortheproposedlayout.For
example,

squarefeetpermachine
squarefeetperoperator
squarefeetperunitproduced
squarefeetperlaborhour

Parking Space

( angular one-way )

( cross aisle )

( cross aisle )
( 900 two-way )

Parking Space (cont.)

Table 8. Parking Dimensions for a 7.5-ft. Compact Automobile Parking Space
Width and a 8.5-ft. Standard-Sized Automobile Parking Space Width
Angle
(degrees)

Automobile

Parking
Space Width
Parallel to the
Aisle (ft.)

45
45
60
60
75
75
90
90

Compact
Standard
Compact
Standard
Compact
Standard
Compact
Standard

10.5
12.0
8.7
9.8
7.8
8.8
7.5
8.5

Parking
Space Depth
Perpendicular
to the Aisle (ft.)
17.0
17.5
17.7
19.0
17.3
19.5
16.0
18.5

Aisle
Width (ft.)

Cross
Aisles
One-way
(ft.)

Cross
Aisles
Two-way
(ft.)

Parking
Space +
Aisle
2
Space (ft. )

11.0
13.0
14.0
18.0
17.4
25.0
20.0
28.0

12.0
14.0
12.0
14.0
12.0
14.0
12.0
14.0

22.0
24.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
24.0
22.0
24.0

236
288
215
274
203
282
195
276

Parking Space (cont.)

Parking space

Depth perpendicular to aisle (19.0 ft.)

Width parallel to
aisle (9.8 ft.)

1/2 aisle space

allocated

Parking space

Aisle width (18.0 ft.)

Parking space + 1/2 aisle space (for 600 standard)

= 19.0 9.8 + 18.0 9.8 / 2 = 186.2 + 88.2 274 ft.2

Example 9

Problem Statement:
A new facility is to have 200 employees. A survey of similar facilities indicates that one parking
space must be provided for every two employees and that 35% of all automobiles driven to work are
compact automobiles. The available parking lot space is 180 ft. wide and 200 ft. deep. What is the
best parking layout?

Solution:
If the new facility were to have the same number of parking spaces as similar facilities, 100 spaces
would be required. Of these 100 spaces, 35 could be for compact automobiles. However, not all
drivers of compact cars will park in a compact space. Therefore, only 25 compact spaces will be
provided. A parking layout consisting of one-way traffic between five rows of 90 0 standard-sized
automobiles and one row of 900 compact automobiles would require a parking lot width of
5 (18.5) + 3 (28) + 1 (16) = 192.5 ft.
Similarly, four rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles, one row of 750 standard-sized automobiles,
and one row of 750 compact automobiles would require a parking lot width of
4 (18.5) + 2 (28) + 1 (19.5) + 1 (17.3) + 1 (25) = 191.8 ft.
which is too wide to be placed in a lot 180 ft. wide.

Example 9 (cont.)
Replacing the 750 aisle with a 600 aisle still requires 184.7 ft. Four rows of 900 standard-sized
automobiles, one row of 450 standard-sized automobiles, and one row of 45 0 compact automobiles
requires a parking lot width of
4 (18.5) + 2 (28.0) + 1 (17.5) + 1 (17.0) + 1 (13.0) = 177.5 ft.
This configuration will be utilized.
Leaving 24 ft. for two-way cross-aisle traffic at the front of the lot and 14 ft. for one-way cross-aisle
traffic at the rear of the lot, the 900 standard-sized automobile rows can each accommodate

200 (24 14)

19 automobiles
8.5
The last 900 standard-sized row does not require the 14 ft. one-way cross-aisle. Therefore, it accommodates

200 24
20 automobiles

8.5
The 450 standard-sized row can accommodate

200 (24 14)

13 automobiles
12.0

Example 9 (cont.)
The 450 compact automobile row is the first and does not require the 14.0 ft. one-way cross-aisle. It
can accommodate

200 24
10.5 16 automobiles
Hence, a total of
3 (19) + 20 + 13 + 16 = 106 automobiles
can be accommodated, with 15% being allocated to compact automobiles. The following Figure
illustrates the plan for the parking lot.
If the compact automobile row is replaced by standard-sized automobiles, the lot still fits within the
180 ft. 200 ft. configuration and 104 cars may be accommodated. Therefore, a decision must be
made regarding the advantages of providing compact automobile spaces versus not segmenting the
parking lot.

Parking Lot for Example 9

20 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

13 Standard-sized automobiles (450)

16 Compact automobiles (450)