CRANES

March 28, 2010 Er. Satya Narayan Shah 1

 CRANES
Any of a diverse group of machines that lift and
move heavy objects. Cranes differ from hoists,
elevators, and other devices intended for
vertical lifting, and from conveyors, which
continuously lift or carry bulk materials such as
grain or coal. Cranes have been widely used only
since the introduction of steam engines,
internal-combustion engines, and electric
motors in the 19th century. They range in type
and function from the largest derrick cranes to
small, mobile truck cranes. Most derrick cranes
can lift 5 – 250 tons. Floating cranes, built on
barges for constructing bridges or salvaging
sunken objects, may be able to lift 3,000 tons
(2,700
March 28, 2010metric-tons).
Er. SatyaSmall
Narayan Shah truck cranes are2
 Typical Cranes

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 PULLEYS

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 PULLEY
A pulley, is a mechanism composed of a wheel on
an axle or shaft that may have a groove between
two flanges around its circumference. A rope,
cable, belt, or chain usually runs over the wheel
and inside the groove, if present. Pulleys are used
to change the direction of an applied force,
transmit rotational motion, or realize a
mechanical advantage in either a linear or
rotational system of motion. Two or more pulleys
together are called a block and tackle.

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 PULLEY
• Fixed A fixed or class 1 pulley has a fixed
axle. That is, the axle is "fixed" or anchored in
place. A fixed pulley is used to change the
direction of the force on a rope (called a belt).
A fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of
1. A mechanical advantage of one means that
the force is equal on both sides of the pulley
and there is no multiplication of force.

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 PULLEY
Movable A movable or class 2 pulley has a free
axle. That is, the axle is "free" to move in space.
A movable pulley is used to multiply forces. A
movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of
2. That is, if one end of the rope is anchored,
pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a
doubled force to the object attached to the
pulley.

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 PULLEY
• Compound A compound pulley is a
combination of a fixed and a movable
pulley system.
• Block and tackle - A block and tackle is a
compound pulley where several pulleys are
mounted on each axle, further increasing
the mechanical advantage. Block and
tackles usually lift objects with a
mechanical advantage greater than 2.

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 PULLEYS

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 WINCH

A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let

out (wind out) or otherwise adjust the "tension" of a rope or wire rope
(also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form it consists of
a spool and attached hand crank. In larger forms, winches stand at
the heart of machines as diverse as tow trucks, steam shovels and
elevators. The spool can also be called the winch drum. More
elaborate designs have gear assemblies and can be powered by
electric, hydraulic, pneumatic or internal combustion drives. Some
may include a solenoid brake and/or a mechanical brake or
ratchet and pawl device that prevents it from unwinding unless the
pawl is retracted.

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 Y

Hydraulic System

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 Hydraulic Pump & Motor

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 Hydraulic System

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 Typical Hydraulic Circuit

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 CRANES
• The word crane is taken from the fact that these
machines have a shape similar to that of the tall, long-
necked bird of the same name.
• A crane is a machine that is capable of raising and
lowering heavy objects and moving them horizontally.
• Cranes are distinguished from hoists, which can lift
objects but that cannot move them sideways.
• Cranes are also distinguished from conveyors, that lift
and move bulk materials, such as grain and coal, in a
continuous process.

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 CRANES
Human beings have used a wide variety of devices to lift heavy
objects since ancient times. One of the earliest versions of the
crane to be developed was the shaduf, first used to move water
in Egypt about four thousand years ago. The shaduf consists of a
long, pivoting beam balanced on a vertical support. A heavy
weight is attached to one end of the beam and a bucket to the
other. The user pulls the bucket down to the water supply, fills it,
then allows the weight to pull the bucket up. The beam is then
rotated to the desired position and the bucket is emptied. The
shaduf is still used in rural areas of Egypt and India.

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 CRANES
• As early as the first century, cranes were
powered by human beings or animals
operating a treadmill or large wheel.
• Consisted of a long wooden beam, known
as a boom, connected to a rotating base.
The wheel or treadmill powered a drum,
around which a rope was wound. The rope
was connected to a pulley at the top of the
boom and to a hook that lifted the weight.

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 Mechanical principles
General
There are two major considerations in
the design of cranes.
1.The crane must be able to lift a load
of a specified weight.
2.The crane must remain stable and
not topple over when the load is lifted
and moved to another location

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 Mechanical principles
Stability
• the sum of all moments about any point such as the
base of the crane must equate to zero.
• the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted
("rated load”) is some value less than the load that
will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety
margin).
• stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is
75% of the tipping load; limited rated load for a
mobile crane supported on outriggers is 85% of the
tipping load. -established by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers ,ASME B30.5-2007 Mobile
and Locomotive Cranes.
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 Mechanical principles
Stability
• Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore
platforms are somewhat more strict because of the
dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion.
Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform
must be considered.
• For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes,
the moment created by the boom, jib, and load is
resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress
within the base must be less than the yield stress of
the material or the crane will fail.

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 Mechanical principles
Lifting capacity
• Lever- a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted
about a point called the fulcrum to achieve
optimum mechanical advantage.
• Pulley- A jib crane contains fixed pulley block.
another block attached to the load.
• hydraulic cylinder- used directly to lift the load
or indirectly to move the jib or beam that carries
another lifting device.

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 TYPES OF CRANES
Mobile
• Truck-mounted crane
• Side lift crane
• Rough terrain crane
• All terrain crane
• Crawler crane
• Railroad crane
• Floating crane
• Aerial crane
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 TYPES OF CRANES
Fixed
Tower crane Self-erecting
crane

Telescopic crane Hammerhead crane

Level luffing crane Gantry crane

Overhead crane Deck crane
Jib crane Bulk-handling crane

Loader crane
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 Truck-mounted
crane
• truck carrier provides the mobility for this
type of crane.
• able to travel on highways
• When working on the jobsite, outriggers are
extended horizontally from the chassis to
provide more stability.
• Most cranes of this type also have moving
counterweights for stabilization beyond that
provided by the outriggers
• Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from
about 10 tons toEr.about
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1300 tons.
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 Sidelift crane

• A sidelifter crane is a road-going

truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist
and transport ISO standard
containers. Container lift is done with
parallel crane-like hoists, which can
lift a container from the ground or
from a railway vehicle.

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 Rough terrain
crane

These telescopic cranes are single-engine

machines, with the same engine
powering the undercarriage and the
crane, similar to a crawler crane. In a
rough terrain crane, the engine is usually
mounted in the undercarriage rather than
in the upper, as with crawler crane.

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 All terrain
crane
A mobile crane with the necessary
equipment to travel at speed on public
roads, and on rough terrain at the job
site using all-wheel and crab steering.
Combine the roadability of Truck-
mounted Cranes and the
maneuverability of Rough Terrain
Cranes.

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 Crawler
crane
• crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set
of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide
stability and mobility
• lifting capacity from about 40 tons to 3500 tons
• stable on its tracks with no outriggers
• capable of traveling with a load
• main disadvantage is that they are very heavy,
and cannot easily be moved from one job site
to another without significant expense

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 Railroad crane

• crane mounted on a railroad car

• used for maintenance work,
recovery operations and freight
loading in goods yards

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 Floating crane

• mounted on a pontoon or barges

• used mainly in bridge building and port
construction
• loading and unloading of especially heavy
or awkward loads on and off ships
• lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tons

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 Aerial crane

• 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift

large loads
• Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that
are difficult to reach by conventional cranes
• most commonly used to lift units/loads onto shopping
centers and high-rises
• Can be used to lift cars, boats, swimming pools, etc
• disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and
during wild-fires they are able to carry huge buckets of
water to extinguish fires.

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 Tower crane
• Tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. Fixed to the
ground (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well),
tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting
capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings.
• The jib (boom) and counter-jib are mounted to the turntable, where
the slewing bearing and slewing machinery are located. The
counter-jib carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks,
while the jib suspends the load from the trolley. The Hoist motor
and transmissions are located on the mechanical deck on the
counter-jib, while the trolley motor is located on the jib. The crane
operator either sits in a cabin at the top of the tower or controls the
crane by radio remote control from the ground. The lifting hook is
operated by using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables
through a system of sheaves.

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 Tower crane
• In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator
usually works in conjunction with a signaller (known
as a 'rigger' or 'swamper'). They are most often in
radio contact, and always use hand signals. The
rigger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and
is responsible for the safety of the rigging and loads.
• A tower crane is usually assembled by a telescopic jib
(mobile) crane of greater reach and in the case of
tower cranes that have risen while constructing very
tall skyscrapers, a smaller crane (or derrick) will often
be lifted to the roof of the completed tower to
dismantle the tower crane afterwards.

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 Tower crane
Generally two arrangements of Tower cranes
•Top-slewing (fixed tower) tower cranes have
fixed towers and a swing circle mounted at
the top, allowing only the jib, tower top, and
operator cabin to rotate.
•Bottom slewing (slewing tower) tower cranes
have the swing circle located at the base,
and both the tower and jib assembly rotate
relative to the base.

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 Selection of Tower Crane
• bottom-slewing cranes are suitable mainly for
shorter-term service of low-rise buildings.
Fast erection.
• top-slewing cranes serve high-rise building on
jobs requiring a crane for a long duration.
Slow erection.
• They are selected when
– Site conditions are restrictive.
– Lift height and reach are great.
– There is no need for mobility

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 Self-erecting
crane
Generally a type of tower crane, these cranes,
also called self-assembling or "Kangaroo"
cranes, lift themselves off the ground using
jacks, allowing the next section of the tower
to be inserted at ground level or lifted into
place by the partially erected crane itself.
They can thus be assembled without outside
help, or can grow together with the building
or structure they are erecting.

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 Telescopic
crane
A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a
number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A
hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or
retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total
length of the boom. These types of booms are often
used for short term construction projects, rescue jobs,
lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative
compactness of telescopic booms make them
adaptable for many mobile applications.

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 Hammerhead
crane
The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib
crane consisting of a steel-braced tower on which revolves a
large, horizontal, double cantilever; the forward part of this
cantilever or jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended
backwards in order to form a support for the machinery and
counter-balancing weight. In addition to the motions of lifting
and revolving, there is provided a so-called "racking" motion,
by which the lifting trolley, with the load suspended, can be
moved in and out along the jib without altering the level of the
load. These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes, up
to 350 tons.

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 Level luffing
crane

• Normally a crane with a hinged jib

will tend to have its hook also move
up and down as the jib moves (or
luffs). A level luffing crane is a crane
of this common design, but with an
extra mechanism to keep the hook
level when luffing.
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 Gantry crane
A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on
a trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a
single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The
crane frame is supported on a gantry system with equalized
beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually
perpendicular to the trolley travel direction. These cranes
come in all sizes, and some can move very heavy loads,
particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards
or industrial installations. A special version is the container
crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first
manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-
borne containers at a port.

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 Overhead
crane
• Also known as a 'suspended crane', this type of
crane work very similar to a gantry crane but
instead of the whole crane moving, only the
hoist / trolley assembly moves in one direction
along one or two fixed beams, often mounted
along the side walls or on elevated columns in
the assembly area of factory. Some of these
cranes can lift very heavy loads.

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 Deck crane

Located on the ships and boats, these

are used for cargo operations or boat
unloading and retrieval where no shore
unloading facilities are available. Most
are diesel-hydraulic or electric-
hydraulic.
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 Jib crane

A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib

or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to
a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial
premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through
an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed.
Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on
the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be
lifted to all floors.

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 Bulk-handling
crane

Bulk-handling cranes are designed

from the outset to carry a shell grab or
bucket, rather than using a hook and a
sling. They are used for bulk cargoes,
such as coal, minerals, scrap metal
etc.
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 Loader
crane

A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or

articulating crane ) is a hydraulically-powered articulated arm
fitted to a truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading
the vehicle. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into
a small space when the crane is not in use. One or more of
the sections may be telescopic.

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 Major Components of Crane
• Winch -a winder (also called a wire rope drum)
• wire ropes or chains, that can be used both to
lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally.
• simple machines Pulleys to create
mechanical advantage and thus move loads
beyond the normal capability of a human.
• Carrier- truck, crawler, barge, rail mounted
carrier etc.

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 Major Components of Crane
• Boom - The large arm mainly responsible for lifting
• Counterweights - Multi-ton weights placed on the back of
the cab to prevent the crane from tipping during lifts
• Two-gear pump - Hydraulic pump system that uses two
rotating gears to pressurize oil
• Jib - Lattice structure that extends out of the boom
• Outriggers - Supports that keep the crane balanced
• Rotex gear - Large gear under the cab that allows the
boom to be rotated
• Load Moment Indicator - Array of lights located in the
cab just above the operator's eye level; flashes if crane's
lifting limits are reached

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 Outriggers

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 Rotex gear

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 Load Moment Indicator

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 Boom & JIB

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 Cabin &
Weight

Cockpit

Weight to keep
the rope taut
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 Major Components of Crane

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 RIGGING
A crane is designed to pick (or lift) a load through
the use of a hoisting mechanism using ropes. The
load must be properly attached to the crane by a
rigging system. To properly attach the load, it is
necessary to determine the forces that will affect
the job, and then to select and arrange the
equipment that will move the load safely.

ILLUSTRATIONS ATTACHED WITH HANDOUTS

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 Important Parameters For
Lifting
• Weight: correctly determine the load.
•   Center of Gravity : The center of gravity of an object is that location where the object
will balance when lifted. A load that is slung above and through the center of gravity will
be in equilibrium. It will not tend to slide out of the hitch or become unstable.
• Stresses: it must be remembered that all forces must be in equilibrium. The angle sling
leg makes with the load is important factor which determine the stress in the sling. The
angle should not be less (10°), it should be around 45°.
• Factor of safety: This factor is defined as the usual breaking strength of the material
divided by the allowable load weight. This factor is normally taken between 5 and 10.
• SLINGS: The safety and efficiency of a lift depend on the working attachments that
secure the load to the crane hook. may be wire rope, chain, or nylon-web straps. When
using a slingGenerally called slings, these working attachments to lift, remember that
the capacity of the sling depends on its material and size, the configuration in which it’s
used, its type of end terminals, and the angle that the legs make with the load.

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 QUESTION
PLEASE

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 THANK YOU ALL
Satya Narayan Shah
B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering (India)
MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)
Contact: er.snshah@gmail.com

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