Faradays Law

Faradays Law of Induction

Lenzs Law

Faradays Law of Induction

The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional
to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.

d B
E
dt
where,

For N loops,

d B
E N
dt

Faradays Law of Induction

d B
E
dt

d
E BA cos
dt
To induce an emf we can change,

the magnitude of B
the area enclosed by the loop
the angle between B and the
normal to the area
any combination of the above

over time.

Lenzs Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce
a current that creates a magnetic flux to oppose the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the current loop.
As the bar is slid to the right,
the flux through the loop
increases.
This induces an emf that will
result in an opposing flux.
Since the external field is into
the screen, the induced field has
to be out of the screen.
Which means a
counterclockwise current

Induced EMF

Determine if the magnetic field (B) is

increasing
1)

2)

The area of the coil is increasing.

Determine the direction of the
induced current.
3)

4)

Induced EMF
1)

2)

Induced EMF(change in
area)
Increasing Area of the circle

clockwise

Induced EMF(change in
area)

clockwise

Induced EMF (solenoid)

Induced EMF
A current flows through
the loop when a magnet
is moved near it, without
any batteries!

The needle deflects

momentarily when the
switch is closed

Electric Guitar

Pickup Coil

N S

Guitar String

Magnet

To Amplifier

END

Motional EMF
As the wire moves,

FB qv B
Which sets the charges in motion in the
direction of FB and leaves positive charges
behind.
As they accumulate on the bottom, an electric
field is set up inside.
In equilibrium,

FB FE
qvB qE

E vB

V El Blv

Motional EMF in a Circuit

B BA Blx
d B
d
dx
E
Blx Bl
dt
dt
dt

E Blv

Blv
I

R
R

If the bar is moved with constant velocity,

Fapp FB IlB
B 2l 2 v 2 E 2
P Fapp v IlB v

R
R

Magnetic Force on a Sliding

Bar
dv
Fx ma m IlB
dt
I

Blv
R

dv
B 2l 2
m
v
dt
R
B 2l 2
dv
dt

v
mR
The bar has a mass, m, and
an initial velocity vi

FB IlB

v vi e t

Bl

mR

2 2

Lenzs Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce
a current that creates a magnetic flux to oppose the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the current loop.
As the bar is slid to the right,
the flux through the loop
increases.
This induces an emf that will
result in an opposing flux.
Since the external field is into
the screen, the induced field has
to be out of the screen.
Which means a
counterclockwise current

Energy Considerations
Suppose, instead of flowing counterclockwise, the induced current flows
clockwise:
Then the force will be towards the right
which will accelerate the bar to the right
which will increase the magnetic flux
which will cause more induced current to flow
which will increase the force on the bar
and so on

All this is inconsistent with the conservation of energy

Moving Magnet and Stationary

Coil

Right moving magnet

increases flux through
the loop.
It induces a current that
creates it own magnetic
field to oppose the flux
increase.

Left moving magnet

decreases flux through
the loop.
It induces a current that
creates it own magnetic
field to oppose the flux
decrease.

Application of Lenzs Law

When the switch is closed, the flux goes
from zero to a finite value in the direction
shown.
To counteract this flux, the induced current in
the ring has to create a field in the opposite
direction.

After a few seconds, since there is no change in the flux, no current flows.
When the switch is opened again, this time flux decreases, so a current
in the opposite direction will be induced to counter act this decrease.

Loop Moving Through a

Magnetic Field

Induced EMF and Electric

Fields
Changing Magnetic Flux

EMF

Electric Field Inside a

Conductor

This induced electric field is non-conservative and time-varying

d B
dt

d B
E.ds dt

W qE FE 2r

qE qE 2r

E
2r
1 d B
1 d

r 2 B
2r dt
2r dt
r dB
E
2 dt
E

General Form of
Faradays Law

Electric Field Induced by a Changing

Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
E.ds

d B
dt

E.ds

d
dB

BR 2 R 2
dt
dt

E 2r R 2

dB
dt

E 2r R 2 0 nI max sin t

0 nI maxR 2
E
sin t
2r

I (t ) I max cos t

B Br 2

B 0 nI

E 2r r 2

B (t ) 0 nI max cos t

r>R

dB
r 2 0 nI max sin t
dt

0 nI max
r sin t
2

r<R

Generators and Motors

B BA cos BA cos t
d B
d
NAB cos t NAB sin t
dt
dt
NAB

E N
Emax

Maxwells Equations
Q
E.dA 0

Gauss Law

B.dA 0

Gauss Law for Magnetism

no magnetic monopoles

d B
E.ds dt
d E
B.ds 0 I 0 0 dt

F qE qv B

Faradays Law

Ampre-Maxwell Law

Lorentz Force Law