BIOTEKNOLOGI

PERTANIAN
By Darmawan Saptadi

PENDAHULUAN
Biotechnology:
Use of microorganisms such as bacteria or
biological substances such as enzymes,
to perform industrial or manufacturing
processes.
Use of living systems and organisms to
develop or make useful products
Any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for specific use

MATERI
PENDAHULUAN
KULTUR JARINGAN TANAMAN
PRINSIP, PERALATAN DAN LABORATORIUM
MEDIA
BERBAGAI TEKNIK PERBANYAKAN IN VITRO
(KULTUR PUCUK, KULTUR MERISTEM, KULTUR
EMBRIO, KULTUR KALUS)
3. REKOMBINAN DNA
DASAR TEKNOLOGI ANALISA DAN EVALUASI
GENETIK
DASAR PCR
DASAR TRANSFORMASI
BIO ETIKA
MAS (MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION)
1.
2.

What Are the Benefits of

Biotechnology?
Medicine
Human
Veterinary
Biopharming

Environment
Agriculture
Food products
Industry and manufacturing

MolecularBiology

MolecularGenetics

Microbiology

CellBiology

Biochemistry

EngineeringProcesses
Etc

Biotechnology

HealthDiagnoses

FermentationIndustry

PharmaceuticalIndustry
FoodandAnimalFeedIndustry

ChemicalIndustry

EnvironmentandEnergy
AGRICULTURE

Mengapa perlu bioteknologi

Populasi bertambah
Meningkatnya OPT
Berkurangnya lahan
pertanian
Malnutrisi
Keinginan untuk
mengungkap rahasia alam

We
Must

Diperlukan:
lebih banyak tanaman
tanaman berkualitas
tanaman sehat
pelestarian tanaman
obat berbasis alami

Mendisain tanaman unggul baru

yang bedaya hasil tinggi
Mengupgrade genetik dengan
komposisi genetik baru dari sumber
genetik yang dapat diterima
Memberika nilai tambah pada
tanaman yang sudah ada

Biotechnology in B.C.
500 BC: The Chinese use moldy
curds as an antibiotic to treat boils
250BC: The Greeks practice crop
rotation to increase soil fertility
100 BC: Chinese use powdered
chrysanthemum as an insecticide

Pre-20th Century
Biotechnology
1590: Janssen invents the microscope
1663: Hooke discovers cells
1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and
protozoa
1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral
vaccine to protect him from smallpox
1802: 1st time the term biology is used

Pre-20th Century
Biotechnology
1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells,
are discovered
1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered
1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered
1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually
proving they are living organisms
1863: Mendel discovers genes while
working with peas. He lays the groundwork
for genetics.

Pre-20th Century
Biotechnology
1879: Flemming discovers chromatins
1883: The rabies vaccine is developed
1888: Waldyer discovers the
chromosome

Biotechnology In The First Part

Of The 20th Century
1902: The term "immunology" first used
1906: The term "genetics" is used
1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are
discovered
1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used
1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause
mutation
1928: Fleming discovers penicillin
1938: The term "molecular biology" is used
1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first
used

Biotechnology In The First Part

Of The 20th Century
1942: The electron microscope is used
and characterizes viruses that infect
bacteria, called bacteriaphages
1944: DNA is shown to be the building
block of the gene
1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell
anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by
a mutation

Biotechnology in the
1950s and 1960s
1953: Watson and Crick understand the
structure of DNA
1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first
used
1955: An enzyme involved in the production
of a nucleic acid is isolated
1956: The fermentation process is perfected
1960: Messenger RNA is discovered
1961: The genetic code is understood

Biotechnology in the 1970s

1972: The DNA composition of humans is
shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps
and gorillas
1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are
used to make human growth protein
1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson
and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce
specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA
molecule
1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are
synthesized

Biotechnology in the 1980s

1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the
patenting of genetically-engineered life forms
1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is
awarded to Boyer and Cohen.
1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center
is createdthe 1st state-sponsored research
center for biotechnology
1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is
reported
1981: 1st mice to be successfully cloned
1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced
by genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech
drug approved by the FDA)

Biotechnology in the 1980s

1983: The first artificial chromosome is made
1983: The first genetic markers for specific
inherited diseases are found
1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is
developed.
1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is
developed.
1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs
for the treatment of cancer are synthesized
1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project
1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the
Exxon Valdez oil spill

Biotechnology in the 1990s

1990: The first federally-approved gene
therapy treatment is performed successfully
1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated
1993:The FDA declares that genetically
engineered foods are "not inherently
dangerous"
1994: The first breast cancer gene is
discovered
1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from
early embryonic sheep

Biotechnology in the 1990s

1998: Scientists clone three generations
of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells
1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to
regenerate tissue and create disorders
that mimic diseases
1998: The Biotechnology Institute is
founded by BIO as an independent,
national, 501(c)(3) education organization
1999: The genetic code of the human
chromosome is deciphered

Biotechnology 2000 and

Beyond
2000: A rough draft of the human genome is
completed
2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers
to help produce organs for human transplant
2001: The sequence of the human genome is
published in Science and Nature
2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the
pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to
feed 60 million people annually
2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is
euthanized

SEJARAH PENGGUNAAN
INSULIN
- 1869 Lngerhans discovers islets of
Lngerhans in pancreas
- 1920's Banting & coworkers detect
insulin in pancreatic extracts of animals
- 1922 *First use of insulin from animals to
treat human
patients
- 1979 Riggs & coworkers produce human
insulin in E.coli
- 1982 Human insulin is the first
recombinant drug
licensed for human use

TEKNOLOGI REKOMBINAN
DNA
BERKEMBANG PESAT SETELAH
DITEMUKANNYA STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA
OLEH WATSON DAN CRICK (1953)
DI BIDANG PERTANIAN YANG DAPAT
DIJADIKAN CONTOH PERKEMBANGAN
TEKNOLOGI INI ADALAH PROSES
PEMBUATAN TANAMAN TRANSGENIK
REKAYASA GENETIKA

What Is plant tissue culture?

Or in vitro culture?
Or in vitro propagation?
Or Micropropagation ?
Teknik bagaimana mengisolasi bagianbagian tanaman (organ, sel, polen,
protoplasma dll) ditumbuhkan secara
tersendiri, dipacu untuk memperbanyak
diri, akhirnya diregenerasikan kembali
menjadi tanaman lengkap dalam suatu
lingkungan yang aseptik dan terkendali.

THREE FUNDAMENTAL ABILITIES

OF PLANTS
TOTIPOTENCY
The potential or inherent capacity of a plant cell to
develop into an entire plant if suitably stimulated.
It implies that all the information necessary for growth
and reproduction of the organism is contained in the
cell

DEDIFFERENTIATION
Capacity of mature cells to return to meristematic condition and development
of a new growing point, follow by redifferentiation which is the ability to
reorganize into new organ

COMPETENCY
the endogenous potential of a given cells or tissue to develop in a particular
way

 Cultured tissue must contain competent

cells (cc) or cells capable of regaining
competence (dedifferentiation).
e.g. an excised piece of differentiated
tissue or organ (Explant)
dedifferentiation callus (heterogenous)
redifferentiation (whole plant) = cellular
totipotency.

 Tanaman adalah organisme multiseluler

yang kompleks dengan organ-organ yang
mempunyai fungsi berbeda.
Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan
memungkinkan, organisme multiseluler
yang kompleks tersebut dikembalikan pada
ground state pada level sel-sel dengan
potensi genetik yang sama.
Sel-sel yang tidak terorganisir tersebut
dapat dimanipulasi.
Apabila diperlukan, sel-sel tersebut diatur
kembali menjadi tanaman yang lengkap
melalui manipulasi lingkungan tumbuhnya.

HISTORY
In 1902 Haberlandt proposed that single
plant cells could be cultured
1930s :
White worked on T.C. discovery of plant
growth regulators
importance of vitamins was determined for
shoot and root culturing
Indole-Acetic Acid (IAA) discovered in 1937
1950s :
1957 : Miller and Skoog University of
Wisconsin Madison discovered Kinetin
1958 : Steward developed somatic embryo
from carrot cells
1958-1960 : Morel cultured orchids and
dahlias, and freed them from a viral disease

HISTORY
60s & 70s :
1962 : Murashige and Skoog published
recipe for MS Medium
Murashige cloned plants in vitro, promoted
development of commercial plant T.C. labs
1966 : raised haploid plants from pollen
grains
1972 : used protoplast fusion to hybridize 2
species of tobacco into one plant.
70s &80s
develop techniques to introduce foreign
DNA into plant cells. beginning of genetic
engineering

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

the culture of plant seeds, organs, tissues, cells, or
protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions.
Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product
cells have the same genotype (unless affected by
mutation during culture)

Why do we do Tissue
Culture?
To regenerate plants from single cells or
plant tissues
To cultivate under sterile conditions
To produce large quantities of identical
plants
To cultivate without the impact of
environmental conditions
To save species from extinction
To isolate disease from plants
To produce plants with enhanced stress
or pest resistance
To create new plant varieties
To make money

ADVANTAGES
Virtually any part of a plant can be used (meristems, shoot
and root tips, leaf tissue, anthers, embryos, flowers, etc.)
A single explant can be multiplied into several thousand
plants in less than a year - this allows fast commercial
propagation of new cultivars
Taking an explant does not usually destroy the mother
plant, so rare and endangered plants can be cloned safely
Plant tissue banks can be frozen, then regenerated
through tissue culture

 Once established, a plant tissue culture line can

give a continuous supply of young plants
throughout the year
In plants prone to virus diseases, virus free explants
(new meristem tissue is usually virus free) can be
cultivated to provide virus free plants
Plant cultures in approved media are easier to
export than are soil-grown plants, as they are
pathogen free and take up little space
Tissue culture allows fast selection for crop
improvement - explants are chosen from superior
plants, then cloned
Tissue culture clones are true to type as compared
with seedlings, which show greater variability

TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS

Micropropagation
Germplasm preservation
Somaclonal variation
Embryo culture
Haploid & dihaploid production
In vitro hybridization protoplast
fusion
Plant genetic engineering