Dr. Marzuki Hj.

Ismail
Semester I 2009/10
ENTECH
 Sound is caused by pressure variation
 Noise – unwanted sound
 Noise – environmental pollutant
 Health effects of noise
 2 kinds of health effects of noise
 non-auditory effects and
 auditory effects
 Non-auditory effects = Stress, Physiological
and behavioural effects, and Safety concerns.
 Auditory effects = Acoustic trauma, Tinnitus,
THL(TTS), PHL(PTS)
 Persekitaran Paras Leq* Kesan
maksimum yang
dibenarkan, dB (A)

Perindustrian/ 75 Kerosakan pendengaran

Pekerjaan pada paras tinggi

Masyarakat/ 55 Kerunsingan bertambah

Bandaran (siang) pada paras tinggi

Masyarakat/ 45 Kesukaran untuk tidur pada

Bandaran (malam) paras tinggi

Domestik (siang) 45 Kesukaran berkomunikasi

pada paras tinggi

Domestik (malam) 35 Kerap terjaga dari tidur pada

paras tinggi
Levels and Decibel
 Low range = 0.00002 Pascal
 High range = > 200 Pascal
Q
L  log
'

Q0
L’ = levels, bel
Q = measured quantity
Qo = reference quantity
Log = log in base 10
Q
L  10 log Decibel (dB)
Q0
 Combine Sound Level Pressure
 Adding 2 sound and equivalent sound cannot be simply added
or average arithmeticly

 This is cause sound level are measure based on logarithm

 There are 3 method to add sound pressure which is by using

Formulate, Schedule or Chart
FORMULATE
 This method based on Formulation:

 Li 
in  

LP  10 log 10
 10 

i 1

 Lp = Sound power level

 n = no of sound pressure level
SCHEDULE
 This method involve adding sound pressure based on Decibel

Increment Schedule (below)

Different between 2 sound level Value need to be added to the

need to be added (dB) highest value (dB)

0–1 3
2–4 2
4–7 1
7 – 10 0.5
Over 10 0
Solution is as below:
 The more precise method is the Formulate
method. Schedule (and Graph) method are
used because it faster

 The different can be ignored because as long

as the calculation is correct, your answer can
be accepted
The same can be used for 3 sound:
GRAPH

 This method is almost the same as the Schedule

method in the way sound are added

 In Schedule method, a schedule are used meanwhile

for this method, a graph are you for the addition
 The graph is as shown:
 Eg:
 What sound power level results from combining
the following 3 levels: 68dB, 79 dB, and 75 dB?
Day-Night Sound Level - Ldn
 is the A-weighted equivalent sound level for a 24 hour period with an
additional 10 dB imposed on the equivalent sound levels for night time
hours of 10 p.m. to 7 am.

 Day-Night Sound Level can be expressed as

where
 Ldn = day-night sound level (dB)
 Ld = daytime equivalent sound level (dB)
 Ln = nighttime equivalent sound level (dB)
Equivalent Sound Level – Leq
 Quantifies the noise environment as a single value of
sound level for any desired duration.

 Equivalent Sound Level - Leq - can be expressed as

where
 n = total no. of samples taken
 L = noise level in dBA of the ith sample
i
 t = fraction of total sample time
i
Eg: 1
 A noise level of 90dBA exists for 5 min. and is
followed by a reduced noise level of 60dBA for
50 min. What is the equivalent continuous
equal energy level (Leq) for the 55 min period?
 Eg: 2
 Calculate equivalent Time (h) Sound Level
continuous equal energy (dBA)
level (Leq) for a residential 0000-0600 42
area in KT?
0600-0800 55

0800-1000 65

1000-2000 70

2000-2200 68

2200-0000 57
Good Luck