1-Introduction To UMTS and WCDMA

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA
Oussama Akhdari
ROSI / INTPS / NAD / RASQ / International Radio support
April 2008
Agenda
3G Generation General Aspects
Introduction to UMTS
UMTS Radio Access Network
QoS Architecture
WCDMA Principles
Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari
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IMT 2000 Standards

IMT-2000 is a term used by the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU) to refer to many third generation (3G) wireless technology, that
provide higher data speed between mobile phones & base antennas.
ITU activities on IMT-2000 comprise international standardization,
including frequency spectrum & technical specifications for radio &
network components, tariffs and billing, technical assistance & studies on
regulatory and policy aspects.
IMT2000 Terrestrial radio interfaces
Paired Spectrum
Unpaired Spectrum
Paired Spectrum
Paired/Unpaired Spectrum
IMT- DS
IMT- MC
IMT- TC
IMT- SC
IMT- FT
IMT- OFDM
WCDMA/UTRA
FDD
Direct Spread
CDMA2000
Multi-Carrier
UTRA TDD
TD - SCDMA
Time - Code
UWC - 136
Single-Carrier
DECT
Frequency Time
WiMax
OFDMA
CDMA - TDMA
TDMA
TDMA - FDMA
OFDMA
CDMA
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IMT 2000 Frequencies

Worldwide frequency plans for IMT-2000 bands already identified
ITU
Alloc.
Europe
China
Japan
Korea
North
America
Assigning a non IMT2000 spectrum would result in higher handset prices for 3G
systems complex circuitry to support international roaming across different
frequency bands.
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3rd Generation Projects

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
www.3gpp.org
Present about 80% of the users within the World
Technical specifications for the 3rd Generation Mobile System based on
the evolved GSM core networks and UTRA.
Include a Technical Specification Group (TSG) for the GSM EDGE
Radio Access Network (GERAN).
Responsible of GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) including its evolution
HSDPA/HSUPA (3.5G)
Evolution of HSPA / SAE (System Architecture Evolution) / Long Term
Evolution (LTE)
3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
www.3gpp2.org
Present about 20% of the Mobile users
Working on AIE (Air Interface Evolution) / EV-DO Rev. C
IEEE 802.16 & WiMAX Forum
Deployment very shy and limited to fixed WiMax (3.5 GHz)
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3GPP Specification Series
www.3gpp.org
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Agenda
QoS Architecture
WCDMA Principles
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UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access - UTRA

W-CDMA (UTRA FDD)
For the paired band
Uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
Chosen as the technology for UMTS publish, wide -area service
TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)
For the unpaired band
Uplink and downlink are separated in time
Flexible time duration for uplink & downlink for asymmetrical traffic
Chosen for private, indoor services in the unpaired TDD
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UTRA FDD - Characteristics

Wide band code division multiple access W-CDMA multiple access
Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)
Uplink 1920 - 1980 MHz & Downlink 2110 - 2170 MHz
GSM bands: 900 (including E-GSM band) & 1800 bands
ARCEP provided authorization to OFR & SFR to reuse 900
spectrum for UMTS

Mobistar to launch UMTS900 during 2008
New bands attributed to UMTS @ 2.6 GHz (new auctions?)
Carrier Bandwidth
2x5 MHz (theoretical occupied bandwidth = Chip rate 3,84 Mcps)
Services
Both circuit and packet data & asymmetric bitrates
AMR Multi Rate
Wide Band AMR
Multi service possible
User Rate Up to 384 Kbits/s
FDD foreseen for Macro & Microcellular coverage for all Orange MCos.
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3G vs. 2G Network services

A 3G networks has a very flexible air interface that can meet the demands of both packet services and circuit
switched voice or data.
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Frequency resources within 3G MCo
The standard resources allocation is 3 carriers per MCo
The resources allocation is country dependent (Local

Telecommunication authority strategy)
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FT Group Supplier
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Agenda
QoS Architecture
WCDMA Principles
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WCDMA Access structure
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UMTS radio access network

Iu
Node B
Radio base station like the BTS in
GSM
RF Processing (Modulation, Coding,
Interleaving, Spreading, despreading)
RNS
NodeB
RNC
NodeB
Iub
Iur
RNC Radio Network Controller

Controls radio resources of several
Node Bs
Manage the Radio Access
Bearers for user data transport
Control user mobility
Supports the Iu interface to the core
network
NodeB
RNC
NodeB
RNS
UTRAN
RNS Radio Network Subsystem

Like BSS in GSM
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RNC Roles: Serving, Drift, Controlling

Core Network
Iu
Iu
UTRAN
RNS
Iub
Iu
Iur
SRNC
Iub
Node B Node B
Iu
UTRAN
DRNS
SRNS
RNC
Core Network
Core Network
Iub
Iub
Node B Node B
SRNS
Iur
DRNC
Iub
SRNC
Iub
Iub
Node B Node B
UE
Macro
Diversity
Combining/
splitting
function
Iub
Node B Node B
Iu
Iu
UTRAN
RNS
RNS
Iur
CRNC
Iub
Iub
CRNC
Iub
Node B Node B
Iub
Node B Node B
UE
SRNC
DRNC
CRNC
Each connected mode UE is

controlled by a Serving RNC
(SRNC)
The SRNC terminates Iu
towards the CN
Inter RNC soft handover requires

a second RNC to be involved
Such an RNC lending resources
to an SRNC for a specific UE acts
as a Drift RNC (DRNC).
Each RNC acts as

Controlling RNC (CRNC) for
the directly connected Node
Bs and their cells
The CRNC controls the radio
resources of its cells
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Iur interface
logical interface between RNCs
Iur is a point-to-point interface between
UTRAN interfaces
Iu
RNS
NodeB
RNC
NodeB
Iub
Iur
NodeB
two RNCs
allows more independent radio resource
management compared to GSM
RNC mobility (soft handover)
Data from the serving RNC is transferred
to the drifting RNC through the Iur
interface.
Iub interface
Interface between RNC and Node B
Allows the RNC & BTS to negotiate about
radio resources
Transports uplink & downlink transport
NodeB
RNS
frames & O&M data
Manage Data & signaling Traffic
UTRAN
UMTS Radio Access Network 2 E1 required @ least when HSPA is
introduced
High Traffic Areas may need a higher IuB
capacity
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RNC
Core network - circuit switched

Iu - CS
for circuit switched services
Iu-CS
MSC-Mobile Services switching

MSC/VLR
Center
switch for circuit switched (CS)
services
GMSC
HLR
SGSN
VLR-Visitor Location Register

register database for visitors of the
radio network
GGSN
GMSC - Gateway MSC

switch from mobile network to
CN
Core Network
external networks for circuit

switched services
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Core network - packet switched

HLR - Home Location Register
permanent database of
subscriber data
MSC/VLR
Iu - PS
for packet switched services
GMSC
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support
HLR
SGSN
Node
switch for packet switched (PS)
services
GGSN
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support
Iu-PS
Node
switch from mobile network to
external networks for packet
switched services
CN
Core Network
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Iu interface main Function

Establishing, maintaining, and releasing radio access bearers
Performing intra-system & inter-system handovers as well as SRNC
relocations
Transferring NAS signaling messages between UE & CN (direct transfer)
Location services - transfers requests from CN to RAN, and location
information from RAN to CN.

Simultaneous access to CS & PS core network domains for single UE
Paging the user, provides the CN with the capability to page user
equipment
Controlling the security by sending the security keys to RAN and by
Setting the operation mode for security functions

Reporting data volume
Controlling the tracing of the user equipment activity
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Agenda
QoS Architecture
WCDMA Principles
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UMTS QoS Architecture

UMTS QoS is provided by the UMTS bearer service, which consists of
two parts:
Radio access bearer (RAB) service
Provides the confidential transport of user data between the UE and
CN with a QoS that is adequate for the negotiated UMTS bearer
Consists of a radio bearer (RB) service & a Iu bearer service
The RB service is realized in the radio link control (RLC) layer between
the SRNC & the UE, using UTRA FDD/TDD, while the Iu bearer service
provides transport between the UTRAN & CN
CN bearer service connects the UMTS CN with CN gateway to the
external network
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CN = Core network
TE = Terminal Equipment
MT = Mobile Termination
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The RAB is the service that the access stratum provides through its service
access points (SAP) to the non-access stratum (NAS) for transfer of user
data between the user equipment (UE) and the core network (CN)
The RAB provides transport of user data with the quality of service (QoS)
adequate to the UMTS bearer service negotiated on the non-access stratum.

This service is based on the characteristics of the radio interface and is
maintained for a moving user equipment
A bearer service includes all aspects to enable the provision of a contracted
QoS. These aspects are the control signaling, user plane transport, and QoS
management functionality
The UMTS operator offers the UMTS bearer service, which provides the
UMTS QoS.
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QoS Classes
There are four different QoS classes (or traffic classes) for UMTS
bearer service and radio access bearer service:

conversational
streaming
interactive
background
The main distinguishing factor between these classes is how delay

sensitive the traffic is.
Conversational class is meant for traffic that is very delay sensitive,

while background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class.
RNC manages the QoS requirements.
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QoS Classes
Traffic classes provide the means for the network to differentiate between
end-to-end user applications according to their required traffic characteristics.

The purpose is to offer good quality connections for both real time & non-
real time traffic between MS and the background data networks.

The radio interface is the main capacity limiting factor & must be planned &
controlled to achieve the required system performance

Error correction and delay is managed and prioritized to ensure good
quality connections.
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Application Groups
Service classes and priorities are one of the main differences between 2G and 3G.
Priorities are obtained from CN.

WCDMA RAN uses the QoS parameters obtained from CN to optimize the use of
radio resources. In GSM BSS, packet-switched traffic is always lower priority

traffic, using only whatever resources are available.
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Agenda
QoS Architecture
WCDMA Principles
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WCDMA Transmitter
The WCDMA transmitter looks similar to the TDMA transmitter, with the
synchronization, control/signaling and multiple user data channels.

In a WCDMA transmitter, neither time nor frequency is used to separate
different users, but codes in an operation known as spreading.
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Multiple Access Techniques

Power
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple

Access
Time
O ne User
Power
Frequency
uses band pass for carrier signal which

are non-overlapping in the frequency
domain
User
Time
Frequency
Power
Time
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
One User
Frequency
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

carrier signals are non overlapping in
the time domain
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
spreads the signal over the entire
available bandwidth by using codes
with good correlation properties
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W-CDMA No Frequency reuse

W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Users are separated with code sequences: spreading / despreading
technique
All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency

In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink
Frequency Planning
No Frequency Planning
All cells within a

given cluster are
assigned different set
of frequencies
All cells are assigned

the same frequency
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Spread spectrum technique

The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).
The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the
user bit rate
Code Ci(t)
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in
UMTS
Source signal Si (t)
Resulting spread signal
before spreading
Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Time
Domain
Bit1
Bit2
Bit Rate =Rb
Chip Rate =Rc

Spreading Factor
SF =Rc/Rb
Frequenc
y
Domain
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for

UMTS
Narrowband signal
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Channelization coding
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Spreading Example
Spreading with a spreading factor of 4 is shown in the Figure below.
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Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, despreading
is achieved by auto-correlation with
the same code
Due to low cross-correlation
properties with other codes, the
received signal energy is increased
compared to noise and other signal
interference
The gain due to despreading is
called processing gain
Example for PS 128 Kbps:
PG
Chip Rate
3840 kcps
30 14.77dB
User Bit Rate 128 kbps
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Spreading / Despreading
The figure shows the properties of the Channelization (Orthogonal) codes.
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Spreading example
Increase the data rate by 8

corresponds to a widening of
the occupied spectrum of the
spread user data signal
De-spreading applied to
another user with a different
spreading code
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Channelization codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) are used for channelization
for spreading
The codes are mutually orthogonal, if they are synchronized in the time
domain
Codes are taken from the OVSF code tree
The code tree corresponds to different discrete Spreading Factor

(SF) levels, SF=1, 2, 4, 8(n2)
SF: 4 - 512 is allowed in the WCDMA DL
SF: 4 - 256 is allowed in the WCDMA UL
Following codes are not allowed to be used:

Codes between a used code and the code tree root
Codes following a used code
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Spreading codes: OVSF code tree
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OVSF : Orthogonality property
c4,1= 1 1 1 1
c2,1= 1 1
c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1
c1,1= 1
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1
c2,2= 1 -1
Codes free
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
Codes used
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1
-1
1 1 -1 -1 -1
1
-1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1
1
-1
-1
1 -1 1 -1 -1
-1
-1 -1
1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1
1
-1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1
-1
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1
-1
1 -1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
1 -1
1
-1
-1 1 -1
-1
-1
-1
1 -1 -1
1
-1
-1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1
1 -1
1 -1
-1
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Uplink and Downlink Channelization Code Usage

Downlink: Channelization Codes used to distinguish data channels
coming from each cell
Uplink: Channelization Codes used to distinguish data channels
coming from each User Equipment, UE
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Spreading and scrambling codes

Spreading codes (channelization codes)
used to differentiate mobiles and services
different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
To distinguish between User Equipments in uplink
To distinguish between cells in downlink
UE
Node B
Spreading
Scrambling
OVSF
PN
(Service/ user identifier) (Cell identifier)
Despreading
Descrambling
UL
DL
(User identifier)
Descrambling
Scrambling
PN
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Despreading
Spreading
OVSF
(Service identifier)
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What do YOU hear
The CDMA Cocktail Party
A) If you only speak Japanese?

B) If you only speak English?
C) If you only speak Italian?
D) If you only speak Japanese, but the
Japanese-speaking person is all the way
across the room?
E) If you only speak Japanese, but the
Spanish-speaking person is talking very
loudly?
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Scrambling Coding
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Downlink Scrambling Code

Downlink scrambling code
The number of codes used in the downlink is restricted to 8192 in
Total to speed up the process for the UE to find the correct
scrambling code.
512 of these are primary codes (the rest are secondary codes, 15 codes
per primary).
The primary codes are divided into 64 code groups each group
containing 8 different codes.
One code per cell (sector/carrier) : Configurable by operator
Only the primary scrambling code is used for all Common Channels
SC: Scrambling Code

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Modulation
Graphical representation of an QPSK modulated signal
1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol
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Filtering
Filtering allows the transmitted bandwidth to be significantly reduced without
losing the content of the digital data improves the spectral efficiency
Raised-Cosine Data Filter
occupied bandwidth = symbol rate x (1+ )
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Near-Far-Problem
UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Illustration Example: Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1

and UE2
If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam
UE2 : so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!
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Power control
In UMTS FDD, all users are sharing the same frequency band
W-CDMA requires power control to minimize the level of interference
(interference-limited system)
Power control is applied on both uplink and downlink
Power control minimizes the transmission power to match the quality
target for each radio access bearer service
No one should get more power than necessary to reach the required
QoS
Avoids near-far problem on uplink
Minimizes waste of common power resource on downlink
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Interference limiting system

Thanks to spreading / despreading
Desired signal is raised
Interference signals are kept low
The level of interference must be controlled to allow the decoding of the

received signal
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Interference level relative to Noise level

(dB)
Interference limited
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12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of simultaneous users per sector
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Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of
required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell
range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell
breathing phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
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Load control
In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to
high traffic level the level of interference received by a base station
should be controlled by means of admission and load control algorithms
Trafc density
increases
Deployed intersite distance
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Other W-CDMA particularities
No frequency reuse pattern

Scrambling code planning required
512 scrambling codes in W-CDMA
SC#0
SC#1
SC#2
SC#114
SC#115
SC#116
Soft-handover capability
RAKE receiver
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Soft Handover i
Mobile connected to more than one
base station during handover procedure
Called softer handover for sector
cells of the same site
Soft Handover for Dedicated
Channels (circuit and packet data)
Hard Handover
HS-DSCH
Inter-frequency handovers
Inter-RAT Handovers
RNC
Same carrier
Node-B 2
Received
Pilot
Signal
3 dB
Macrodiversity
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Node-B 1
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Soft Handover ii
Advantages
Avoids link failure during handover, make before break handover
Reduces the interference level by decreasing the required UE
transmit power
Increases downlink quality thanks to macro-diversity at the UE
receiver level
Drawbacks
Increases the required number of traffic channels
Can create too much downlink interference : trade-off on the
percentage area of soft-handover
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RAKE receiver
Reflections, diffractions, attenuations caused by obstacles will lead to
multipath
RAKE receiver is a spread-spectrum receiver that is able to track and

demodulate resolvable multipath components : takes benefit of multipath
diversity
In W-CDMA, with 3.84 Mcps, a RAKE receiver will be able to
discriminate multipath having delays higher than one chip duration (0.26
s)
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The RAKE Receiver

CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture
Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection
Also be used to track other base stations signal during soft
handover
One finger used as a Searcher to identify other base stations
Finger #1
Finger #2
Combiner
Sum of
individual
multipath
components
Finger #N
Power
measurement
of Neighboring
Base Stations
Searcher Finger
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The RAKE Receiver

Composite Received Signal
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12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
time
To Viterbi
Decoder
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16
14
12
10
8
6
1/2-chip delay
3 + Interference
4
2
0
-2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Correlator
Ai
18
16
14
12
10
1/2-chip delay
2 + Interference
8
4
2
0
-2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Correlator
Ai
18
16
14
12
10
1/2-chip delay
1 + Interference
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Correlator
400
PN, Walsh Codes

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Ai
Equal Combining, ML
Combining,
or Select Strongest
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RAKE receiver ii
It combines the delayed replicas of the transmitted signal to improve
reception quality : time-diversity technique
Identify the delay positions on which significant energy arrives and
allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each correlation receiver, track the changing phase and
amplitude values and correct them (thanks to pilot symbol estimation)
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all
active fingers and present them to the decoder for further processing
(maximal ratio combining)
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Spreading Spectrum Advantages

The wideband transmission has the advantage of being less sensitive to
frequency selective interference and fading.
The power density of the spectrum is decreased several times and the
transfer of information is still possible even below background noise.

CDMA is very spectrum efficient due to the possibility of reusing each
carrier in each cell.

High Capacity in comparison with GSM
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Soft handover is required in WCDMA.
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Spreading Spectrum Drawbacks
The power levels of all UEs transmissions received at the BS must be
equal if the bit rates are equal and therefore fast power control is
necessary
As UEs in soft handover mode require resources of more than one cell,
the system capacity may be reduced.
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any questions?
lets discuss!
an exchange!
share our experiences
based on discussions!
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Logical channels i
PCCH - Paging control Channel

DL Paging information
(DL)
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel

DL System control information
e.g. Cell identity, UL interference level
(DL)
CCCH - Common control Channel

(UL/DL)
For transmitting control information between the network and UEs
The CCCH is commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection and
after cell reselection
e.g. initial access (RRC connection request, cell update)
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Logical channels ii
CTCH - Common Traffic Channel
(DL)
channel to transfer dedicated user information to all or a group of
UEs
e.g. SMS Cell broadcast
DCCH - Dedicated Control Channel
(UL/DL)
transmits dedicated control information between UE and UTRAN
e.g. measurement reports, radio bearer setup
DTCH - Dedicated Traffic Channel
The DTCH carries user data
e.g. speech, Fax, video, web, ...
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(UL/DL)
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DL Transport Channels i
BCH - Broadcast Channel
For broadcasting of system information over entire cell
no power control, fix bit rate
PCH - Paging Channel
association with Page Indicator Channel PICH, to support efficient
sleep mode procedures
must be broadcast over entire cell
FACH - Forward Access Channel
Common DL channel used for transmission of
control information
small amount of packet data
open loop power control
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DL Transport Channels ii
DCH - Dedicated Channel
DCH is the only Dedicated Transport Channel
Channel dedicated to one UE
Supports
Fast Power Control, variable bit rate, SHO, transmit diversity, beam
forming
DSCH - Downlink Shared Channel
Similar to the FACH
Carries dedicated user data and/or control information
Always associated with a downlink DCH (with SF of 256)
DSCH supports
sharing between different users
no SFH, but Fast PC due to associated DCH
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UL Transport Channels
RACH - Random Access Channel
carries control information or small amounts of packet data
e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data
transmitted over entire cell supported by open loop power control
CPCH - Common Packet Channel
Similar to DSCH in DL, used for transmission of bursty data traffic
possibility to
transmit over part of the cell (beam forming)
change rate fast
fast power control
initial risk of collision, but collision detection (CD/CA-ICH)
is shared by the UEs in a cell -> common resource
DCH - Dedicated Channel (same as for UL)
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Physical Channels
Channels without connection to transport channels are called Standalone channels
All Stand-alone channels exist in DL only
Stand alone channels are
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
SCH
Synchronization Channel (Primary &
Secondary)
AICH
Acquisition Indication Channel
PICH
Paging Indicator Channel
CSICH
CPCH Status Indicator Channel
CD/CAICH
Collision Detection / Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel
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DL Physical Channels - CPICH

CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
Primary CPICH (PCPICH)
SF=256, predefined bit/symbol sequence, fixed channelization code
Scrambled with the primary scrambling code
Only one PCPICH per cell
Used for level measurements & channel estimation
The PCPICH is the phase reference for all DL physical channels
Transmitted over the entire cell
Secondary CPICH (SCPICH)
SF=256, arbitrary channelization code
Zero, one or several SCPICH per cell
Not necessarily transmitted over entire cell
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DL Physical Channels - SCH

SCH - Synchronization Channel
Time multiplexed with PCCPCH
first 256 chips of slot SCH, rest PCCPCH
Primary SCH
Consists of a a fixed 256 chips code Primary Synchronization
Code (PSC)
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system
The PSC is repeated in each slot
Secondary SCH
Transmitted in parallel to the Primary SCH
In each of the 15 slots a different Secondary Synchronization Code
SSC is transmitted
The SSC sequence indicates the used downlink scrambling code set
(8 codes) out of 64 scrambling code groups
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DL Physical Channels - Other Stand-Alone

AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel
SF256, Frame length 20ms 5120 chips/slot
Used to confirm reception of (P)RACH
PICH - Paging Indicator Channel
SF=256, carries the paging indicators
associated with an SCCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is
mapped
Once a PI message has been detected on the PICH, the UE decodes
the next PCH frame transmitted on the SCCPCH whether there is a
paging message intended for it.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel
CD/CA-ICH - CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator
Channel
All CPCH related physical channels support the operation of the
UL CPCH transport channel
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DL Physical Channels
DL Channels associated with a transport channel
PCCPCH - Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Used to carry the BCH
Time multiplexed with SCH
Fixed transmit power / fixed data rate
SCCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
Used to carry the FACH or PCH / no fast power control
PDSCH
- Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Carries DSCH
Not yet included in 3GR1.1
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Pilot field, TFCI field, TPC field
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
carries real user data + Layer 3 signaling on DCCH
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UL Physical Channels
UL Channels associated with a transport channel
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
Carries RACH
open loop power control / collision risk
PCPCH - Physical Common Packet Channel
Carries CPCH
Fast power control on the message part / open loop for pre-ample
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Pilot field, TFCI field, FBI field, TPC field
UL DPCH
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Carries real user data + Layer 3 signaling on DCCH
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Valid for all Dedicated Physical Channels
Existing in uplink or downlink

Possibility to use beam forming
Possibility to change rate fast on a frame basis (10 ms)
Fast power control (Closed Loop Power Control)
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DL Physical Channel Example

Example of physical channel structure: DL - DPDCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
Ndata2 bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Signaling information (DPCCH) is time multiplexed with DPDCH
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UL Physical Channel Example

Example of physical channel structure: UL - DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
DPCCH and DPDCH are in UL NOT time multiplexed, they are I/Q
multiplexed.
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Use of DPCCH
On the DPCCH channel the following information is transmitted
Pilot field
Bit sequence known in the receiver and and used for radio channel
estimation
Optimal adaptation of RAKE receiver
TFCI field
Transport Format Combination Indicator
FBI field (UL DPCCH only)
Feed Back Information given by the UE to the Node B
for optimizing
closed loop transmit diversity mode (phase &
amplitude)
site selection diversity transmission (SSDT)
TPC field
Transmit Power Control
This field is used to transmit the power control commands to the
Node B (UL) or the the UE (DL).
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1-Introduction To UMTS and WCDMA

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Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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IMT 2000 Standards

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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IMT 2000 Frequencies

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3rd Generation Projects

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3GPP Specification Series

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access - UTRA

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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UTRA FDD - Characteristics

spectrum for UMTS

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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3G vs. 2G Network services

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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Frequency resources within 3G MCo

The standard resources allocation is 3 carriers per MCo

The resources allocation is country dependent (Local

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

Groupe France Tlcom

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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WCDMA Access structure

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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UMTS radio access network

RNC Radio Network Controller

UMTS Radio Access Network

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

RNS Radio Network Subsystem

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RNC Roles: Serving, Drift, Controlling

Each connected mode UE is

Inter RNC soft handover requires

Each RNC acts as

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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Core network - circuit switched

MSC-Mobile Services switching

VLR-Visitor Location Register

GMSC - Gateway MSC

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

external networks for circuit

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Core network - packet switched

SGSN - Serving GPRS Support

GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support

Introduction to UMTS & WCDMA / April 2008 /confidential/Oussama Akhdari

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Iu interface main Function

information from RAN to CN.