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Columns
CE 806
Behavior of Columns
Richart et al. found, for example, that the equation as follows, for the strength of concrete confined by
fluid pressure, applies approximately to concrete confined by circular spirals.
where
(Contd.)
The strength and ductility of concrete, therefore, are greatly increased under conditions of triaxial
compression.
Figure (a): shows stress-strain curves obtained from three sets of concrete cylinders confined by
circular spirals. Each set was for a different unconfined strength of concrete. The increase in strength
and ductility with content of confining steel is very significant. Tests have demonstrated that circular
spirals confine concrete much more effectively than rectangular or square hoops.
Figure (b)
Figure (a)
(Contd.)
In Figure (b) we have load-strain curves from concrete prisms tested by which contained various
amounts of square ties. The effect of the different transverse steel contents on the ductility is quite
appreciable, but the effect on strength is much smaller.
The reason for the considerable difference between the confinement by circular steel spirals and
confinement by rectangular or square steel hoops is illustrated in Figure (c).
Figure (c)
Circular spirals, because of their shape, are in axial hoop tension and provide a continuous confining
pressure around the circumference, which at large transverse strains approximates fluid confinement.
However, square hoops can apply only confining reactions near the corners of the hoops because the
pressure of the concrete against the sides of the hoops tends to bend the sides outwards, as in Figure
(c).
Therefore a considerable portion of the concrete cross section may be unconfined. Because of internal
arching between the corners, the concrete is confined effectively only in the corners and the central
region of the section.
Nevertheless, square confining steel does produce a significant increase in ductility, and some
enhancement of strength has been observed by many investigators.
A smaller spacing leads to more effective confinement, as illustrated in Figure (d). The conerete is confined
by arching of the concrete between the transverse bars and if the spacing is large it is evident that a large
volume of the concrete cannot be confined and may spall away.
Figure (d)
A larger bar diameter leads to more effective confinement. Transverse bars of small diameter will act
merely as ties between the corners because the flexural stiffness of the hoop bar is small.
With a larger transverse bar, the area of concrete effectively confined will be larger because of the
greater flexural stiffness of the hoop side.
In the case of a circular spiral this variable has no significance: given its shape, the spiral will be in axial
tension and will apply a uniform radial pressure to the concrete.
Columns
Based on strength of materials and geometry columns may divided into 2
Categories
Short Columns most columns in ordinary practice
Slender Columns use of high strength materials and improved
dimensioning
Strength of columns is evaluated on the basis of the following principles
A linear strain distribution exists across the thickness of the column.
There is no slippage between the concrete and steel (that is the strain in in
steel and in the adjoining concrete is the same).
The maximum allowable concrete strain at failure for the purpose of
strength calculations is 0.003 in/in.
The tensile resistance of the concrete is negligible and is disregarded in the
computations.
ACI Requirements
ACI Requirements
Required Strength
Capacity of Columns
in Compression
Example 1
A non slender tied columns is subjected to axial load only. It has
the geometry shown in figure and is reinforced with three No. 9
bars on each of the two faces. Calculate the nominal and design
axial load strength Pn(max) for the column. fy = 60,000 psi and fc =
4000 psi
Example 2
A non slender spiral columns is subjected to axial load only. It
has the geometry shown in figure and is reinforced with 6 No. 8
bars. Calculate the maximum and design axial load strength
Pn(max) for the column. fy = 60,000 psi and fc = 4000 psi
6 #8
bars
20
P M Interaction Diagram
P M Interaction Diagram
Point A - Pure Axial Load
Uniform axial compression without
moment, this is the largest axial load
the column can support
u 0.003
Strain in Steel t= y
Point D - Tensile Controlled Limit
Strain in Concrete = c
u 0.003
Strain in Steel t= 0.005
Region C-D Transition Region
From brittle failure at C to ductile failure at D
Example 3
Distributed Reinforcement
When large bending moments are present, it is most economical to place
most steel along the outer faces parallel to the axis of bending, unlike axial
compression where most steel is distributed equally along all faces.
Example
Design Aids
Graphs A-5 to A-16
= 0.6 0.9
g = As/Ag= 0.01 0.08
t = 0.002 - 0.005
fs/fy
e/h
Example 5
Pu = 1.2x222+1.6x297=742 K
Mu = 1.2x136+1.6x194=474 K-ft
Column size = 20x25
Cover = 2.5 in
= (25-5)/25=0.80
g = 0.023
As = 0.023 x 500 = 11.5 ~ 12 in2
Use 12 # 9 bars evenly placed on all
faces of column
Pu = 1.2x222+1.6x166=532 K
Mu = 1.2x136+1.6x194=474 K-ft
Column size = 20x25
Cover = 2.5 in
= (25-5)/25=0.80
g = 0.017
As = 0.017 x 500 = 8.5 ~ 9 in2
Use 12 # 8 bars (9.48 in2) evenly
placed on all faces of column
Example 5
Assume h = 25 in
Cover = 2.5 in
= (25-5)/25=0.80
e = Mu/Pu = 492x12/481 = 12.3
e/h = 12.3/25 = 0.49
Use graph A-11
Kn = 0.51
Circular Columns
Calculations are carried out similar to
rectangular columns, except that for
circular columns the concrete
compression zone subject to the
equivalent rectangular stress distribution
has the shape of a segment of a circle.
Shape of the compression zone and the
strain variation in the different groups of
bars make longhand calculations
awkward, no new principles are involved
and computer solutions are easily
developed.
Design or analysis of spirally reinforced
columns is usually carried out by means
of design aids, such as Graphs
Biaxial Bending
Example (Contd.)
Example (Contd.)
Example (Contd.)
Example (Contd.)