Adding s to the singular noun

Apples
Elephants
Kettles
Plugs
Dynamos
Roofs
Pianos
days

Adding es to singular nouns

ending in s, ss, x, z, ch ,sh
Gases
Dresses
Boxes
Branches
Bushes
Heroes
Mangoes
torches

Changing the y in singular nouns

to ies
Armies
Aunties
Berries
Countries
Factories
Injuries
parties

Changing the f or fe in singular

nouns to ves
Halves
Leaves
Loaves
Knives
Lives
Wives

Adding s to singular compound

nouns
Brother-in-law
Passer-by
Spoonful
Looker-on
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Hand-off

Brothers-in-law
Passers-by
Spoonfuls
Lookers-on
Fathers-in-law
Mothers-in-laaw
Hands-off

Changing the spelling

Child
Foot
Man
Mouse
Tooth
Woman
Goose
ox

Children
Feet
Men
Mice
Teeth
Women
Geese
oxen

Some plural nouns have the same

spelling as the singular nouns
Deer
Salmon
sheep
Swine
Butter
Sugar
Money
Oil
water

Deer
Salmon
Sheep
Swine
Butter
Sugar
Money
Oil
water

Some plural nouns are used as

singulars.
Athletics
Gymnastics
Mathematics
News
Politics
Linguistics
Physics

These nouns are uncountables.

Do not add s to them.
Advice
Clothing
Equipment
Furniture
Information
butter
Education
Scenery
mail

Some nouns are used in plural form

Drawers
Jeans
Measles
Riches
Tongs
Scissors
Shorts
spectacles

Adverbs commonly used with

certain verbs
VERBS

Act
Answer
Apologize
Argue
Ask
Behave

ADVERBS
Quickly, suddenly
Correctly,politely
Sincerely,humbly
Furiously,stubbornly
Nicely, humbly,openly
Badly,disgracefully,we
ll

Clap
Decide
Demand
Drive
Eat
Explain
Fight
Give
leave

Joyfully,loudly,excitedly
Carefully,eventually
Angrily, rudely
Carefully,recklessly,slowly
Greedily,hungrily,quickly
Briefly,clearly,concisely
Bravely,furiously
Graciously,generously
Hurriedly,quietly,suddenl
y

Listen
Look
Run
Remember
Sing
Shout
sleep
Smile
speak

Attentively,carefully
Blankly,questioningly
Rapidly,hurriedly,quickly
Clearly,slightly
Loudly,softly,sweetly,tunefu
lly
Joyfully,loudly
Soundly,lightly
Broadly,happily
Clearly,earnestly,plainly

Wait

Work
Write

Patiently,anxious,i
mpateintly,
hopefully
Willingly,efficiently
Neatly,beautifully,c
arelessly

Common errors
Please,

pass up your book to me now.

(incorrect : Pass up means to miss

something)
Never pass up a chance to improve your
English.
Please,

now.

hand in your book to me

Some words which paired with

different prepositions acquire a different
usage
Angry

at (something)
The teacher is angry at her laziness
Angry with (somebody)
He is angry with Jaafar
On time
The macro teaching started on time
In time
We were in time for the lunch

 Agree

with (somebody)
I agree with you that we should take
tuition.
Agree to (something)
I agree to your suggestions that we need
to read a lof of books
Arrive at (small place)
They arrived at the village late at night
Arrive in (large place)
We arrived in Tokyo on the 6th.

Stay with (somebody)

I stay with my brother
Stay at (a place)
I stay at my uncles house
Careful with (something)
Be careful with that expensive vase!
Careful of (somebody)
My father advised me to be careful of that
man.

 Quarrel

with (somebody)
He is quarrelling with his wife
Quarrel over (something)
They are quarrelling over the property
Responsible to (somebody)
We are responsible to the headmaster
Responsible for (something)
The teacher is responsible for the
students safety.

 Accompanied

by (somebody)
He was accompanied by his mother
Accompanied with (something)
Her song was accompanied with a clap.
Engaged in (doing something)
He is engaged in his homework
Engaged to
My sister is engaged to a pilot.

 Apologize

for (something done)

He apologized for coming late.
Apologize to (somebody)
Did you apologize to him?
Deal with (do/treat)
What is the best way of dealing with
naughty children?
Deal in (sell)
That shop deals in antique.

Different meaning when used

prepositions

Break down
Break into
Break off
Break out
Break with
Call at
Call for
Call in
Call off
Call on

: collapse
: enter by force
: separate, to stop
: to appear suddenly
: quarrel with
:visit (place)
: demand
: summon
: cancel
: visit (somebody)

Carry on : continue, manage

Carry out : perform, execute (duties)
Carry off : remove by force
Carry through : bring safely out of
difficulties
Come about
: happen
Come across : meet by chance
Come by
: obtain
Come down with : begin to suffer from illness
Come out
: appear
Come around : (1) recover (2) agree
Come to
: amount
Come up to
: reach, be equal
Come up with : produce (idea)

 Cut

down : reduce (expenditure)

Cut into
: interrupt
Cut off : (1) bring to an end

(2) isolated
Get away : escape
Get on : make progress
Get along with : be on friendly terms
Get through
: pass (an examination)
Give in : surrender
Give up
: stop trying

 Hold

on
: wait a moment
Hold up
: delay
Look after : take care
Look down upon : despise
Look up
: search for
Look into
: investigate
Look up to : respect
Look to
: rely on

 Make

out : discover
Make up
: reconcile
Make up for
: compensate
Pull down : demolish
Pull through
: pass with difficulty
Pull together
: co-operate
Put off
: postpone
Put on
: (1) wear (2) assume
Put out
: extinguish
Put up with : tolerate

 Run

out of : exhausted, finished

Run over
: revise
Run across : meet by chance
See through : detect
See into
: discern
See off
: be present at somones
departure
Set off
: start a journey
Set out
: begin a journey
Set up
: establish

Stand by : support
Stand for
: represent
Stand back : move back
Take after : resemble
Take back : withdraw as an apology
Take down : copy, write down
Take off
: 1. remove 2. go into the
air

Throw away
: waste
Throw up
: resign, vomit
Throw over : abandon

 Turn

down : reject
Turn away : refuse to help
Turn up
: arrive, appear
Turn out
: to produce, manufacture
Turn against
: become hostile
Work out
: calculate, solve
Work on
: influence
Work up
: excite
Work upon : influence

Differences Between Common

American & English words

Airplane
Apartment
Automobile
Bill
Bulletin board
Can
candy
Cane
Check
Clerk
Cookie

Aeroplane
Flat
Car
Note; banknote
Notice board
Tin
sweet
Stick
Bill, cheque
Shop assistant
biscuit

Elevator
Eyeglasses
Fire department
Flat
Flashlight
French fries
Game
Thrash/garbage can
Gas
Generator
First name
Ground wire
icebox

Lift
Spectacles
Fire brigade
Puncture
Torchlight
Chips
Match
Dustbin
Petrol
Dynamo
Christian name
Earth wire
refrigerator

Line up
Mailman
Movies
Package
Pants
Parking lot
Pay station
Personal
Potato chip
Purse
Railroad
recess

Queue up
Postman
Cinema;films
Parcel
Trousers
Car park
Public telephone
Private
Crisp
Handbag
Railway
break

Stenographer
Store
Subway
Tax exempt
tire

Short-hand writer
Shop
Underground
Tax-free
tyre