Wireless

Commiunication

Wireless Communication

Wireless Evolution
Generasi

Reqirement

Keterangan

1G

Teknologi Analog

1980s

2G

Teknologi Digital

1990s
Low data rate & SMS
IS-95, GSM

3G

ITUs IMT-2000
144 kbps mobile, 384
kbps pedestrian,
2Mbps indoors

CDMA 2000 1x/EVDO, UMTS/HSPA &

WiMAX

4G

ITUs IMT-Advanced
up to 40 MHz radio
channels, very high
spectral efficiency (15
bps/Hz)

No technology
802.16m & LTE
advanced to meet
the reqirement

 Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data

(EDGE). Majority of deployments today are based on Release 99. Provides support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.
Release 4: Completed. Multimedia messaging support. First steps toward using IP
transport in the core network.
Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS). Full ability to use IP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) in the
core network.
Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support through Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS). Performance specifications for advanced receivers. Wireless
Local Area Network (WLAN) integration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved EDGE.
Specifies HSPA+, which includes higher order modulation and MIMO. Performance enhancements,
improved spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous
Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient always-on service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP
capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC). Radio
enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in the downlink DL and
16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the
multicast/broadcast, single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.
Release 8: Completed. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as simultaneous
use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA) wherein two WCDMA radio channels
can be combined for a doubling of throughput performance. Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE.
Defines EPC.
Release 9: Completed. HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrier operation
in combination with MIMO, EPC enhancements, femtocell support, support for regulatory features

Wireless vs Wireline

Bandwidth Management
Trend
More cell sites.
Femtocells.
Wi-Fi.
Off-peak hours.
Type of service (QoS).

User Distribution

Troughput Improvement

Spectral Efficiency
Comparison

Spectrum Efficiency
Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel (AWGN)
For instance, at 3 km/hour
Fading at 2 GHz
Doppler spread is about 5.5 Hz
Coherence time of the channel is thus 1 second (sec)/5.5 or 180

msec.
Frames are well within the coherence time of the channel,
because they are typically 20 msec or less. As such, the channel
appears constant over a frame and the Shannon bound
applies.
Furthermore, significantly more of the traffic in a cellular system
is at slow speeds (for example, 3 km/hr or less) rather than at
higher speeds. The Shannon bound is consequently also relevant
for a realistic deployment environment.

Upper Layer Optimization

Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
Fast Scheduling
Fast Dormancy
Self Organizing Network
IMS Support
Cross Layer

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