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The rise to peak brightness can either be very fast or very slow, and this
difference is related to the speed class of the nova--after the peak has been
reached, the brightness steadily drops. What is really out there? What is it
composed of? How did it originate--and where? Without answers to these very
profound questions, it is not possible to arrive at any meaningful conclusions
about how the Universe evolved through time. So-called "ordinary" atomic
matter is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons
are "glued" together into atomic nuclei. Atoms are composed of nuclei encircled
by a cloud of electrons. Atoms of hydrogen-- which is the lightest and most
abundant atomic element in the Universe--are composed of one lone proton and
one single, solitary electron.
If the white dwarf is sufficiently near its unlucky sister star, it will steadily,
relentlessly, and mercilessly sip up material from the companion star's outer
atmosphere. The sister star may either still be on the main-sequence or,
alternatively, aging and in the process of swelling into a red giant. The stolen
gases accumulate on the greedy white dwarf's surface and begin burning. Even
though hydrogen fusion can occur in a stable manner on the surface of the white
dwarf for a small range of accretion rates, for most binary system parameters
the hydrogen burning is thermally unstable. As such, it very speedily converts a
large amount of hydrogen into other heavier elements in a runaway reaction-and this liberates a stupendous amount of energy, hurling the remaining gases
away from the white dwarf's surface and triggering a brilliant blast of ferocious
light.
When our Sun dies, it will leave behind One Step Ahead Program Review a
white dwarf, and its funeral shroud will be a lovely planetary nebula composed of
shining, shimmering multicolored gases--which were once its outer gaseous
layers. This is the way that small Sun-like stars perish--when they are solitary
stars, like our Sun, that is. When the white dwarf dwells in a binary system with
another star--either a star that is still on the main-sequence, or with another
white dwarf--strange things can happen. Novae should not be confused with
other explosive, brightening stellar explosions--such as supernovae or luminous
red novae. Novae are believed to ignite on the surface of a white dwarf that
dwells in a binary system. If the duo of sister stars are close enough together,
material can be sipped up from the companion star's surface to fall down onto
the hungry white dwarf. A nova occurs as the result of this accretion of hydrogen
onto the surface of the stellar corpse, triggering a runaway nuclear fusion
reaction.
Sun-like star has finished burning its entire necessary supply of hydrogen fuel in
the fiery furnace of its core, it starts to approach its inevitable tragic doom. First,
the Sunlike-star swells to monstrous proportions and becomes an enormous red
giant.
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When our Sun goes red giant about 5 billion years from now, it will become so
bloated that it will first incinerate and consume Mercury, and then proceed to do
the same with Venus. Our Earth may be next. As time goes by, our Star will
finally become so bloated that it will transform distant denizens of our Solar
System's outer limits, such as the ice dwarf Pluto, into balmy tropical havens.
However, the end always comes at last, and stars like our Sun eventually hurl off
their gaseous outer layers, leaving only sad tattle-tale cores behind as testimony
to their former stellar existence.