Data vs.

Information

Data
raw facts
just numbers and
text
unorganized facts
useless until it is
organized
image, audio, and
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video

Information
processed,
organized,
structured data
value-added to data
Summarized
Analyzed

Useful and
meaningful

Data vs. Information

Data: 51007
Information:
5/10/07 The date of your final exam.
51,007 The average starting salary of an
accounting major.
51 the employee number

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Data vs. Information

Data

6.34
6.45
6.39
6.62
6.57
6.64
6.71
6.82
7.12
7.06

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Information

Data
Summarizing the data
Averaging the data
Selecting part of the data
Graphing the data
Adding context
Adding value

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Information

Data Information
Classification: placing data into categories
categorizing an expense as either a fixed or a
variable cost.
Rearranging/sorting: organizing data so that
items are grouped together or
placed into a particular
order.
might be sorted according to last name or payroll
number.
Aggregating: summarizing data
by calculating averages, totals or subtotals.
Selection:
choosing or discarding items of data
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The term Information Technology in
English is derived from the French word
Informatique and Informatika in
Russian encompasses the notation of
information handling.
The word Information Technology is a
combination of two words.One is
Information and other is Technology.
Information means knowledge, it can be a
bit or a para or a page.
Technology means use of scientific

INFORMATION

DATA (no., text, sound, image, audio,vedi

INFORMATION (chart, table, multimedia presentatio

CONCEPT OF IT
Information technology (IT) is a
new science of collecting, storing,
processing and transmitting
information.
Information technology (IT) is "the
study of design, development and
implementation of knowledge.
Information technology (IT) is a

Definitions of IT
Information Technology is the application
of computers & other technologies to the
acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval
& dissemination of collected information
IT
is
scientific,
technological
and
engineering disciplines and management
techniques used in information
IT is science of information handling,
particularly using computers to support
the communication of knowledge in
technical, economic and social fields.

Components of Information Technology

HARDWARE

PEOPLE

( INPUT AND
OUTPUT
DEVICES )

( END USERS AND

IT SPECIALISTS )

ENTRY

PROCESS

OUTPUT

DATA

SOFTWARE
( SYSTEM AND
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE )

PROCEDURES
( SECURITY
DATA MGT. &
VALIDATION)

 Information Technology Includes

1. Computer Technology,
2.

Communication Technology and

Audio Technology
Audio-Visual Technology
Facsimile Transmission (Fax)
Electronic Mail

3. Printing Technologies

IT AND MGT
Information technology is very
beneficial for every mgt. in many
ways
Improve management performances
Improve efficiency of management
operations
Helps management in performing
various functions
Helps solving management

IT APPLICATIONS IN
MGT.LEVELS
Mgt. can be
categorized in three levels
Top, Middle and
EXTERNAL
TOP
Lower level
MIDDLE

OPERATIONA
L

EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL

INTERNAL

Due to the difference in nature their

information needs also vary
As we know mgt. decisions can be
classified into three levels
Strategic
CONSIST LONG TERM BUSINESS ISSUES

Tactical
INCLUDES ESTIMATING FUTURE DECISION MAKING DATA

Operational
INVOLVE LARGE-SCALE PROCESSING DATA

IT APPLICATIONS IN MGT.

MARKETING
MANUFACTURING
HUMAN RESOURCE
ACCOUNTING
TRANSACTION PROCESS
FUNCTIONAL

Introduction To Computers

Computer is an electronic Device that is used to

fulfill users instructions
Computer word is derived from Latin word
compute
Computers carry out logical and mathematical
operations

Definitions of
Computer
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
A computer can also be defined as an electronic
machine that receive input (data), processes it and
gives out results (information)
A computer is calculating device which performing
arihtmetic operations with greater speed.

Working of Computer

Computer takes input from the user

Then it processes the input as per
the users instructions
After that it generates some output

Characteristics of Computers

Accuracy
Continuity
Thoughtless And Emotionless
Intelligent Memory
Versatility
Elevated Processing Speed

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
COMPUTER

Input unit
The process of entering data and programs in to the computer system.
takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data.
The input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for
processing.

Storage unit
The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.

Output unit
The process of producing results from the data for getting usefulinformation

ALU
The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical
Unit.
The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, logic and comparison.
Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output
is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.

Control unit
The Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper
fashion. Control Unit is responsible for co coordinating various operations using time
signal. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed.

Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical
components that is used to input, store
and retrieve data
The term hardware covers all of those
parts of a computer that are tangible
objects
Hardware means a computer and other
electronic devices that are connected
to perform different operations.
Includes input devices , output

Software
Software refers to parts of the computer
which do not have a material form
( such
as programs, data, protocols )
The instructions given to a computer is called
program. The set of instructions in a logical
sequence is called software.
Software refers to a set of programs,
documents,
procedures
and
routines
associated with the operations of a computer
systems.
These program consists of step by step
instructions telling the computer how to carry

System software
This consists of all programs , languages and
documentation
supplied
by
the
computer
manufacturer.
Requirement to Use computer efficiently and
conveniently
System software is linked to hardware components
and it is complex process . It is performing four
different tasks
1. Operating system
2. Utilities
3. Device drivers
4. Language translator

Operating system
Functions:
1. Starting a computer
2. Providing a user interface
3. Managing programs
4. Managing memory
5. Scheduling jobs
6. Configuring devices

Utilities
Troubleshooting programs
Antivirus programs
File compression programs

Device drivers
These programs allow devices to
communicate with rest of the computer
system.

Language translators
1.Assemblers
2.Compilers
3.Interpreters

Application software
Any software which is designed to
accomplish a specific task like accounting,
typing, drawing, browsing the internet,
emailing etc. is known as application
software.
Now a days , various application softwares
are available in the market like paintbrush,
MS word ,MS excel, Tally.
Typically
applications include business
software , educational software, medical
software and computer games .

Relation between hardware

and software
Computer software instructs the
hardware
To produce useful output the
hardware and software must work
together
To understand this consider the
cassettes (software) and cassette
player (hardware) to listen a

INPUT DEVICES
1.

Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Joystick

4. Bar Code Reader

5. Web Camera

6. Trackball

7. Digitizer

8. Light pen

9. Touch screen

10. Microphone

11. Scanner

OUTPUT DEVICES
1. MONITOR

3. SPEAKER

2. PLOTTER

4. PRINTER

STORAGE DEVICES

Computer Networking
The word network means anything in
the form of a net which may have
many lines crossing each other.
A network in connection with the
computer environment means link
between a number of computers
within the organization and outside.

Computer Networking
In the world of computers, networking is
the practice of linking two or more
computing devices together for the
purpose of sharing data.
Networks are built with a mix of computer
hardware and computer software.
Computer network refers to the collection
of several computing machines, peripheral
devices and storage unit
For core business operations, computer

Advantages of networking

File transfer
Mail transfer
Web browsing
It reduces the labor cost of doing
paperwork
It saves lot of time and efforts of the
employees

Examples of different network

methods are
Local area network (LAN),

which is usually a small network constrained to

a small geographic area.
An example a computer network within a
building.

Metropolitan area network (MAN),

which is used for medium size area.
examples for a city or a state.

Wide area network (WAN)

that is usually a larger network that covers a

large geographic area.

LAN (Local Area Networks)

A network is any collection of independent
computers that communicate with one another
over a shared network medium.
LANs are networks usually confined to a
geographic area, such as a single building or a
college campus.
LANs can be small, linking as few as three
computers, but often link hundreds of computers
used by thousands of people.

Local area network (LAN)

Local
area
networks
connect
the
computers and other resources located in
a small locations such as a room, building,
office or institute etc.
Local area networks are privately owned
and cater to the need of resource sharing
for a particular organizations
Local area networks are located in small
geographical boundaries ranging from 100
meters to 2 km.

Wide area network

(WAN)

An example of this is a multinational business that uses a

WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries.

The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet,

which is a network composed of many smaller networks.
The Internet is considered the largest network in the world

A Wide Area Network involves

communication through the use
of a wide range of different technologies.

WANs (Wide Area Networks)

Often a network is located in multiple physical places.

Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are
geographically separate.
This is accomplished by connecting the different LANs using
services such as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up
phone lines satellite links, and data packet carrier services.

Internet
The Internet is a system of linked networks that
are worldwide in scope and facilitate data
communication services such as remote login, file
transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web and
newsgroups.
the Internet has become a communications
highway for millions of users. The Internet was
initially restricted to military and academic
institutions, but now it is a full-fledged conduit for
any and all forms of information and commerce.
Internet websites now provide personal,
educational, political and economic resources to
every corner of the planet.

Internet
Called the 'information
superhighway' and the 'network of
networks,'
It is basically a means of connecting
a computer to any other computer
anywhere in the world.
When two computers are connected
over the Internet, they can send and
receive all kinds of information such
as text, graphics, voice, video, and
computer programs.

Intranet
With the advancements made in browserbased software for the Internet, many
private organizations are implementing
intranets.
An intranet is a private network utilizing
Internet-type tools, but available only
within that organization.
For large organizations, an intranet
provides an easy access mode to
corporate information for employees.

 All networks are interconnected to

allow communication with a variety
of different kinds of media,
including cable, power lines and
various wireless technologies.
The devices can be separated by a
few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth)
or nearly unlimited distances (e.g.
via the interconnections of the
Internet)

INTERNET
The Internet
superhighway'
networks,'

Called the 'information

and the 'network of

The Internet, sometimes called simply the

Net, is a worldwide system of computer
networks that allows users to send and
receive information from other computers.
Today, the Internet is one of the most
powerful tools throughout the world.

INTERNET
It is basically a means of connecting a
computer to any other computer anywhere
in the world.
When two computers are connected over
the Internet, they can send and receive all
kinds of information such as text, graphics,
voice, video, and computer programs.

USES OF INTERNET
1. Sharing Information
2. Collection of Information
3. News
4. Searching Jobs
5. Advertisement
6. Communication
7. Entertainment
8. Online Education
9. Online Results
10. Online Airlines and Railway Schedules
11. Online Medical Advice

SERVICES

Email Your new postman

Chatting
Search-engine- Master key To Information
Educate yourself with e-learning
E-commerce- way of doing business on
the net
Using internet for entertainment
24 hours a day - 7 days a week

BROWSER
BROWSE Look at information on a computer
A web BROWSER can have a Graphical User
Interface, like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Chrome and Opera, or can be text-based, like Lynx
or Links.
With a web browser one can view web pages that
may contain text, images, videos, etc.
A web browser is a software application for
Retrieving
Presenting
Traversing information on the World Wide Web.

Search Engine

Huge amount of information on the internet

Search engine can easily search the required
information on the internet
Search engine is a software , searches a
particular piece of information according to
the specified criteria.
Without much effort and wastage of time
Different search engines use different
databases
It is better to use more than one Search
engine
They produce different lists of web pages

What is Intranet ?
Internal company network that uses Internet
standards (HTML, HTTP & TCP/IP protocols) &
software.
Accessed only by authorized persons, especially
members or employees of the organization

Applications of Intranet

Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations

Access employee database
Distribution of circulars/Office Orders
Access product & customer data
Sharing of information of common interest
Launching of personal/departmental home pages
Submission of reports
Corporate telephone directories

Disadvantages
Manageme
nt
problem

A company may not have person to

update
their on a routine basis
Intranet

Security
problem
Productivit
y
problem

Fear of sharing information and the loss

of control

Unauthorized access

Limited bandwidth for the business

Abuse of access

Denial of service

Information overload lowers productivity

True purpose of the Intranet is unknown to
many employees/departments
Hidden or unknown complexity and costs

What is Extranet ?
Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized
users using same internet technology.
Inter-organizational information system.
enable outsiders to work
companys employees.

together

with

open to selected suppliers, customers & other business

partners

Examples..

Dealers/distributors have access to

product files such as :1.
product specification,
2.
pictures,
3.
images, etc.
to answer the queries of the customer.

Benefits of Extranet

Improved quality.
lower travel costs.
lower administrative & other overhead costs.
reduction in paperwork.
delivery of accurate information on time.
improved customer service.
better communication.
overall improvement in business
effectiveness.

Disadvantages
The suppliers & customer who dont
have technical knowledge feel problem.
Faceless contact.
Information can be misused by other
competitors.
Fraud may be possible.
Technical Employees are required.

Layered System View

Intranet
Extranet
Internet

Corporate members
Clients, partners, customers
Global society: competitors

TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/InternetProtocol) is the basic
communication language or protocol of theInternet.
It can also be used as a communications protocol in
a
private
network
(either
anintranetor
anextranet). When you are set up with direct
access to the Internet, your computer is provided
with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every
other computer that you may send messages to or
get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.