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SYSTEMATICS
The science of Fungi Classification
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
Early philosophers classified matter into three Kingdoms:
1. Animal,
2. Vegetable, and
3. Mineral.
. Fungi were placed in the Vegetable Kingdom
. Fungi had evolved from algae
. By the loss of photosynthetic pigmentation.
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
Whittaker (1969) broke the tradition of a three-kingdom system of
classification.
He recognized that the classification of all living organisms as
prokaryotes,
animals, or
plants (including fungi) did not reflect their relationships.
Whittaker added the kingdoms Fungi and Protista
It was an attempt to place organisms in kingdoms that more nearly
reflected, their presumed evolutionary relationships.
He started the efforts to establish monophyletic groups.
Groups that contain an ancestor and all its descendants.
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
Woese and coworkers in 1990, at the University of Illinois, USA,
erected a new taxon the domain (meaning empire)
Divided all organisms into three domains:
1. Archaea,
2. Bacteria, and
3. Eukarya
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k23dom
ain.html
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
The archaea are also prokaryotes,
Differ in the base sequences of their 16s ribosomal RNA
Live in the extreme environments of
high temperature,
salinity and
anaerobic conditions
BACTERIA
Prokaryotic
Possessing primarily diacylglyceroldiesterlipids in their
membranes
Bacterial rRNA,
No nuclear membrane,
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
EUKARYA
1. Protista Single celled eukaryotes Euglena, Amoeba,
Paramecium etc
2. Fungi Mushrooms, bread molds, water molds, yeasts ,etc
3. Plantae Flowering plants, gymnosperms (conifers), ferns,
mosses, etc
4. Animalia - Includes sponges, jellyfish, corals, fish (etc)
Arthropods (includes insects):
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF FUNGI
The organisms collectively called as fungi, though similar in
1. morphology
2. ecology and
3. mode of nutrition,
. But highly dissimilar in the base sequences of their 18s rRNA,
. More precisely in the DNA coding for it
. Thus, the fungi are a polyphyletic assemblage of unrelated
organisms.
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF FUNGI
In an attempt to recognize monophyletic groups, the organisms once
classified as fungi now are considered in three different groups
The monophyletic kingdoms.
1. Fungi
2. Stramenopila
3. Four protist phyla
. This classification recognizes the fact that the organisms that have been
called "fungi" are not all closely related.
. However, Barr (1992) and Bruns et al. (1991) have given compelling
reasons for their continued study by mycologists.
. We reiterate that although these organisms do not all share a common
evolutionary history, they do form a closely knit group on the basis of their
morphology, nutritional modes, and ecology.
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
KINGDOMPROTOZOA
Myxomycota
Acrasiomycetes
Dictyosteliomycetes
Protosteliomycetes
Myxomycetes
Plasmodiophoromycota
Plasmodiophorales
Haptoglossales (Oomycota?)
FUNGI SYSTEMATICS