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DNA

DNA STRUCTURE

History of DNA
Radioactive

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P was injected into bacteria!

Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein


Experiments on bacteriophage viruses by Hershey
& Chase proved that DNA was the cells genetic
material

Discovery of DNA Structure


Erwin Chargaff showed the amounts of the four bases on
DNA ( A,T,C,G)
In a body or somatic cell:
A = 30.3%
T = 30.3%
G = 19.5%
C = 19.9%
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Chargaffs Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
The bases form weak hydrogen bonds

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James Watson (L) and Francis


Crick (R), and the model they built of the
structure of DNA

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure


and function

Helix
Most DNA has a righthand twist with 10 base
pairs in a complete turn
Left twisted DNA is
called Z-DNA or
southpaw DNA
Hot spots occur where
right and left twisted
DNA meet producing
mutations

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The structure of DNA and RNA


Genetic material of living organisms is either
DNA or RNA.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA Ribonucleic acid
Genes are lengths of DNA that code for
particular proteins.

DNA and RNA are polynucleotides


Both DNA and RNA are polynucleotides.
They are made up of smaller molecules called
nucleotides.
Nucleotide

DNA is made of two polynucleotide strands:


Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

RNA is made of a single polynucleotide strand:


Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

Nucleotide

Structure of a nucleotide
2.A Phosphate group
Phosphate groups are
important because
they link the sugar
on one nucleotide
onto the phosphate
of the next
nucleotide to make a
polynucleotide.

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

Structure of a nucleotide
3. A Nitrogenous base
In DNA the four bases are:
Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

P
N-base

In RNA the four bases are:


Uracil
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

Sugar phosphate bonds (backbone of


DNA)
Nucleotides are
connected to each
other via the
phosphate on one
nucleotide and the
sugar on the next
nucleotide
A Polynucleotide

Nitrogenous bases Two types


Pyrimidines
Have single ring

Thymine - T
Cytosine - C
Uracil - U

Purines
Have double rings
of Carbon and
Nitrogen atom

Adenine - A
Guanine - G

Base-Pairings: Purines only pair with Pyrimidines


AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

Again:
Adenine always base pairs with Thymine (or Uracil if
RNA)
Cytosine always base pairs with Guanine.
This is because there is exactly enough room for one
purine and one pyrimidine base between the two
polynucleotide strands of DNA.

Complementary Base Pairing

Nature of the Genetic Material


1. It must contain, in a stable form, information
encoding the organisms structure, function,
development and reproduction
2. It must replicate accurately so progeny cells have
the same genetic makeup
3. It must be capable of some variation (mutation) to
permit evolution

AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure

DNA
5

P
5

O
O

5
3

P
5

O
O

O
3
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Antiparallel Strands
One strand of DNA
goes from 5 to 3
(sugars)
The other strand is
opposite in
direction going 3
to 5 (sugars)

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20

Question:
What would be the
complementary DNA
strand for the following
DNA sequence?

DNA 5-CGTATG-3

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Answer:
DNA 5-CGTATG-3
DNA 3-GCATAC-5

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