CATERPILLAR

Oil

Big Foot

Caterpillar

Oil

Understanding Oil
in todays well lubricated world

Why you need

Oil in your engine

Lubrication
Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear.
Cooling
Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling)
Cleaning
Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles

Sealing
Oil is forming a seal (piston rings)
Protecting
Oil prevents rust and corrosion.

The type of Oil you need

Spark Ignited Engine Oils
Used in Gasoline Engines.
Engines
The API letter Designation

Compression Ignited Engine Oils

Used in Diesel Engines.

The API letter Designation

Engine Oil Classifications

API

American Petroleum Institute.

This organization designates service
classifications for Oils ( S , C ).

SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers.

Establishes viscosity ratings ( SAE 40).

ASTM
American Society of Testing Materials.
Standardization of the testing methods.

Engine Oil Classifications

JASO
Japanese Automobile Standards
Organization.

CCMC
Comite des Constructeurs
dAutomobiles du Marche Common.
Engine manufacturers in the EG

The API Donut

Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories.

Only Licensed companies may use the API
DONUT
DONUT Symbol
Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that
Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical
Performance Standards.
Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil
Labeling Assessment Program (OLAPP).
More Info : Refer to Oil and your engine

The API Donut

Service Station Oils

SA
SB
SC
SD
SE
SG
SH

1900 - 1930
1931 - 1963
1964 - 1967
1968 - 1971
1972 - 1979
1990 - 1993
1994 More info.? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.

Commercial Oils

Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications,

On-Highway Trucks
Off-Highway Trucks
Earthmoving Machine Engines
Industrial Engines
Marine Engines

Commercial Oils

CA
CB
CC
CD
CD-II
CE
CF
CF-II
CF- 4
CG- 4
CH - 4

Light-duty
Moderate-duty
Moderate-to-severe duty
Severe-duty
Severe-duty two stroke
Turbocharged Heavy-duty
Upgrade over CE
Upgrade over CD-II
High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel
Low Sulfur Fuel 0.05%
Requirement for

into 1950
1949-1961
1960-1990
1955-1995
since 1983

1990
1995
1998

Viscosity
Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or
its resistance to flow.
High viscosity means thicker Oil
SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30
Low Viscosity means thinner Oil
The rate at which Oil thins out is called
the Oils Viscosity Index or V.I.

Viscosity

Viscosity II
The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is
the thicker the Oil film it will provide.
The thicker the Oil film, the more resistant
it will be to being wiped or rubbed from
lubricated surfaces.

Viscosity III
Oil that is too thick will have excessive
resistance to flow at low temperatures and
so may not flow quickly enough to those
parts requiring lubrication.

Viscosity

Viscosity-Grades
Single Grade Oil ( SAE 40 )

Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE

viscosity grade classifications at a
temp. of 100 C (212 F)
Multi Grade Oil ( SAE 15 W 40 )
Is an engine Oil that meets the SAE
viscosity grade classifications at a
temp. Of -18 C (0 F) And at a
temp. Of 100 C (212 F)
SAE 15 at -18 C. and 40 at 100 C.

Base Stocks
Mineral Base Stock
Synthetic Base Stock

Mineral Base Stock

Mineral Base Stock
Refined from petroleum
crude Oils.

Synthetic Base Stock

Synthetic Base Stock
Formed by a chemical
process.

Additives
Additives strengthen or modify
certain characteristics of the base
Oil.
Additives enable the oil to meet
requirements beyond the abilities
of the base Oil.

Additives

Additives

Detergents.
Alkalinity Agents.
Oxidation Inhibitors.
Dispersants.
Anti-Foaming Agents
Anti-Wear Agents.
Pour-point dispersants.
Viscosity index improvers.

Additives
Detergents
Help to keep the engine clean by
chemically reacting with oxidation
products.
To stop the formation and deposit of
insoluble compounds (plug Oil filter).
Change the combustion and oxidation
acids into harmless salts.

Additives
Alkalinity agents
Alkalinity agents help neutralize
sulfur by products like sulphurous
and sulfuric acids.
And retard corrosive damage to the
engine in particular Cylinder liners.

Additives
Oxidation Inhibitors
Help prevent increases in viscosity.
And the development of organic acids and
the formation of carbonaceous matter.
Zinc is used as a anti-oxidant.

Additives
Dispersants
Help prevent sludge formation by
dispersing contaminants and keeping
them in suspension.
If particles are allowed to bond together,
they will eventually increase engine wear
and plug the Oil filters.

Additives

Additives
Anti-Foaming Agent
Prevents the Oil from Foaming which
causes the loss of oil pressure,
Foaming reduces the Oils cooling
ability,
Once Oil becomes aerated it will lose its
lubricating capacity.

Additives
Anti-wear agents
Reduce friction by forming a film on
metal surfaces and by protecting metal
surfaces from corrosion.
Alkaline detergents and zinc are types of
agents.

Additives
Viscosity index improvers
Help prevent the Oil from becoming too
thin at high temperatures.
V.I. improvers are chemicals which
improve (reduce) the rate of viscosity
change with temperature change.

Additives

Chear

Additives
Pour-point dispersants
Keep the Oil fluid at low temperatures by
preventing the growth and agglomeration
of wax crystals.

Total Base Number (TBN)

The alkalinity reserve in the oil is known
as its TBN
The higher the TBN value the more acid
(sulfur) neutralizing capacity the Oil
contains.
Refer to : Oil and Your Engine

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

Top piston ring position has been important in
the redesign of 1990s engines.
Rings are now set higher on the piston,
This reduces dead space in the combustion
chamber, thus improving fuel efficiency and
lowering emissions.
Higher mounted top rings scrape more soot
from the sides of the liner and transport it to
the crankcase oil as soot.

Piston Redesign of 1990

Piston Top land Height difference
Crevice Volume

Redesign

Cylinder Liner

Earlier type

Why CF-4 /CG-4 Oils ?

The new piston design results in top ring groove
temperatures being 60 C. (140 F) higher
than the earlier engine design.
If an API CF-4 oil is not used , the higher
temperatures cause deposits to build up in the
ring grooves and on ring land areas.
The Deposits will wear away the cross hatch
pattern (bore polishing).

Ash or Sulfated Ash

The Ash Content of an Oil is the noncombustible
residue of a lubricating oil.
Additives contain metallic derivatives, such as
Barium, Calcium, and Magnesium compounds
that are common sources of Ash.
These metallo-organic compounds in the Oil
provide the TBN for Oil alkalinity.

S.O.S.
And How do we Use it ?

S.O.S.
Scheduled
Oil
Sampling

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

1 : Wear Analysis
2 : Chemical and Physical Tests
3 : Oil Condition Analysis

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

1 : Wear Analysis
Inductive Coupled Plasma
Autosampler ICP.
After 3 samples, trend lines can be
established.

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

2 : Chemical and Physical Tests
Detect Water, Fuel and Antifreeze
in the Oil.
Water : Sputter test (0.1-0.5 %).
Fuel : Cetaflash tester (4 %).
Antifreeze : Chemical test (0 %).

S.O.S. Diagnostic Tests

3 : Oil Condition Analysis.
Is performed via Infrared Analysis.
Determines and measures the amount of
contaminants such as Soot , Sulfur
Oxidation and Nitration products.

Oil Contamination
Wear Elements : indicate that a part or a
component is wearing.
Dirt : Blowby, in the Oil, Scraped from
cylinder walls.
Soot : Partially burned fuel.
Fuel : Failure in the fuel system.
Water : Condensation / Coolant leakage.
Glycol : Coolant leakage.

Wear Elements

CU = Copper
Where do we find CU in the Engine ?

Turbo Bearings.
Oil Cooler.
Bearings (Copper bounding).
Gaskets.
??

Wear Elements

FE = Iron
Where do we find FE in the Engine ?
Camshafts and cam followers.
Gearwheels.
Pumps.
Cylinder Liners.
Valve Stem and Valve Guide
??

Wear Elements

CR = Chromium = Chrome
Where do we find CR in the engine ?

Piston rings.
Valve Stem.
Fuel pump / Injector parts.
Bearings.
??

Wear Elements
PB = Lead
Where do we find PB in the engine ?
Bearings.
??

Wear Elements
AL = Aluminum
Where do we find AL in the engine ?

Pistons.
Bearings.
Housings.
??

Wear Elements

SI = Silicon = Sand
Silicone = Chemical compound
Where do we find SI in the engine ?
??
Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter.
Assembly of dirty engine parts !
Oil storage ? / Environment ?

Wear Elements
NA = Nitrate = Sodium.
Where do we find NA in the engine ?

??
In the Oil !
Sodium is a left over from an engine
coolant which has evaporated.

Wear Elements
SN = Tin
Where do we find SN in the engine ?
Bearings
??

I.R. Analysis

ST = Soot
Why Soot ?
Soot is a by-product of combustion.
Soot is an Insoluble particulate that
can plug Oil filters.
Soot depletes the dispersant additives
in the Oil.

I.R. Analysis

OXI = Oxidation
Why Oxidation ?
Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks
petroleum fluids.
This process is accelerated by heat.
As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating
properties.
The viscosity increases.

I.R. Analysis

NIT = Nitration
Why Nitration ?
Nitrogen compounds resulting from
the combustion process.
Cause the oil to thicken, lose its
lubricating abilities.
Reaches only problem levels in natural
gas engines.

I.R. Analysis

SUL = Sulfation
Why Sulfation ?
Sulfur is a by-product of combustion.
Sulfur by itself is harmless.
Sulfuric acid is formed when water/
condensation is present.
TBN min. = 50 % of the new oil TBN
number.

I.R. Analysis

F = Fuel
Why Fuel ?
Injection system Failure.
Fuel contamination decreases the
Oils lubricating properties.
Clean Oil has a Flash point above
200 C. (392 F)

I.R. Analysis

W = Water
Why Water ?
Coolant leakage / Condensation.
Water combined with oil creates an
emulsion which will plugs Oil filters.
Water will evaporate but will leave
NA in the Oil.

I.R. Analysis

A = Antifreeze
Why Antifreeze ?
Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an
indicator of coolant leaking.
Glycol will cause sludge to form in the
oil and can plug Oil filters.
Glycol will speed up Oxidation.

Wear Element Combinations

Fe
Where do we find FE on its own ??
Camshaft
Lifters.
Gears.
Pumps.
Valve Stem / Valve Guide
??

Wear Element Combinations

FE + CR + SI are High ??
Dirt has entered the engine through
the air intake system.
Piston ring wear !!!
Cylinder liner wear !!!

Wear Element Combinations

SI + FE + PB + AL are High ??
Dirt in the lower engine.
Potential crankshaft and bearing
wear.
Blowby ?
??

Wear Element Combinations

Do we know more Wear Element
combinations ?
Or Other combinations ?

Oil Change Interval Extension

There are 6 Parameters that can tell the extent of
Oil degradation,
1 : TBN or Sulfur level.
2 : Soot level.
3 : Oxidation level.
4 : Viscosity.
5 : Contamination levels
Water / Antifreeze /
Fuel / Wear Debris / Dirt
6 : Condition of the Oil Filter (Plugged/Sludged ).

Excessive Engine Oil

Consumption
Excessive oil consumption is determined
for engine from the 3100 Series to the
3400Series using the Service Warranty
Bulletin No. 6.5
Excessive oil consumption is determined
by measuring the amount of oil consumed
compared to the amount of fuel
consumed.

Oil Consumption
Commercial engines can also have the oil
consumption calculated
Brake Specific Oil Consumption = B.S.O.C.

BSOC = pounds of oil consumed per Hp per Hour

BSOC = Lbs./Hp-Hr.
Reference EDS Sheet 96.2
Oil Consumption Data

Oil Usage US Gals = Engine Hp X Load Factor X BSOC / 7.5

Difficult part of this formula is to determine the correct Load
Factor.

Questions ?