Lecture Objectives:

Summarize heat transfer review

Define Solar Radiation Components
Introduce Internal Surface Energy Balance

Radiative heat flux between two

surfaces
Q A, B

TA4 TB4

1 A
1
1 B

A AA AA FAB B AB

Simplified equation for non-closed envelope

QA, B A B FA, B AA TA4 TB4

Exact equations for closed envelope

Qi , j i i , j Ai Ti 4 T j4
i, j 1,2,..., n

i,j - Radiative heat exchange factor

n

i , j j Fi , j k , j 1 k Fi ,k
k 1

Summary
Convection
Boundary layer
Laminar transient and turbulent flow
Large number of equation for h for specific airflows

Conduction
Unsteady-state heat transfer
Partial difference equation + boundary conditions
Numerical methods for solving

Radiation

Short-wave and long-wave

View factors
Simplified equation for external surfaces
System of equation for internal surfaces

External Boundaries

Solar radiation
fcS
u
ls
a
rn
te
x
E

R
d
m
o
iN
D
y
k
Direct
Diffuse
Reflected (diffuse)

ltvn
m
o
N

ce
rfa
su
W
S

iE
b
V

Solar Angles
z

- Solar altitude angle

Angle of incidence

Direct and Diffuse Components of

Solar Radiation
V
g
n
d
h
ls
a
rtic
e

rlH
xte
w
sh
E
n
a
o
izg
d
W
u
A

Solar components
Global horizontal radiation IGHR
Direct normal radiation IDNR
Direct component of solar radiation on considered surface:

I DIR I DNR cos

Diffuse components of solar radiation on considered surface:

z ) (1 cos ) / 2
I dif _ sky ( I GHR I DNR cos

I dif _ reflected I GHR ground (1 cos ) / 2

Total diffuse solar radiation on considered surface:

I dif I dif _ sky I dif _ reflected

Global horizontal radiation IGHR

and Diffuse horizontal radiation
measurements

I DifusseHoizontalRadiation ( I GHR I DNR cosz)

Measurement of Direct Solar

Radiation

Ground and sky temperatures

Sky temperature
Swinbank (1963, Cole 1976) model
-Cloudiness

CC [0-1] 0 for clear sky , 1 for totally cloud sky

-Air temperature Tair [K]

Tsky = 9. 365574 106(1 CC) Tair6+ Tair4CCclouds

Emissivity of clouds:

clouds = (1 0. 84CC)(0. 527 + 0. 161e[8.45(1 273/ Tair)] + 0. 84CC)

For modeled T sky the sky =1 (Modeled T sky is for black body)

Ground and sky temperatures

Sky temperature
Berdahl and Martin (1984) model
- Cloudiness CC [0-1] 0 for clear sky , 1 for totally cloud sky
- Air temperature Tair [K]
- Dew point temperature Tdp [C] !!!
Tclear_sky = Tair (Clear0.25)
Clear = 0.711 + 0.56(Tdp/100) + 0.73 (Tdp/100)2

- emissivity of clear sky

Ca = 1.00 +0.0224*CC + 0.0035*CC2 + 0.00028*CC3 effect of cloudiness

Tsky = (Ca)0.25 * Tclear_sky

sky =1

Ground and sky temperatures

For ground temperature:
- We often assume: Tground=Tair

-or we calculate Solar-air temperature

-Solar-air temperature imaginary temperature
- Combined effect of solar radiation and air temperature
Tsolar = f (Tair , Isolar , ground conductivity resistance)

External convective heat flux

Presented model is based on experimental data, Ito (1972)
Primarily forced convection (wind):
Velocity at surfaces that are windward:

0.5
u
0.25 U

for U 2 m/s
for U 2 m/s

Velocity at surfaces that are leeward :

U -wind velocity

u 0.3 0.05 U

Convection coefficient :

h 3.5 5.6 u
Q A h (Tair Tsurface )

surface

windward

leeward

Boundary Conditions at External

Surfaces
1. External convective heat flux

Required parameters:

- wind velocity
- wind direction
- surface orientation

Consequence:
Energy Simulation (ES)
program treats every
surface with different
orientation as separate
object.

leeward
U
windward

Wind Direction
Wind direction is defined in TMY database:
Value: 0 360o Wind direction in degrees at the hou
indicated. ( N = 0 or 360, E = 90, S = 180,W = 270 ). For calm
N
winds, wind direction equals zero.

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/tmy2/
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/tmy2/tab3-2.html
U

leeward

windward

Wind direction: ~225o

HW1 Problem
2.5 m

10 m

10 m

Internal surfaces

Solar angles and

Solar radiation components calculation

You will need Austin weather data:

http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/Novoselac/classes/ARE383/handouts.html

Boundary Conditions at
Internal Surfaces

Internal Boundaries

cti
ve
n
o
C

3
L
1
2
ce
rfa
u
R
F
siA
n
t-lxd
m
o
C

Internal sources

Window
Transmitted
Solar radiation

Surface to surface radiation

Exact equations for closed envelope

Qi , j i i , j Ai Ti 4 T j4

i, j 1,2,..., n
Ti

Fi,j - View factors

i,j - Radiative heat exchange factor
n

i , j j Fi , j k , j 1 k Fi ,k
k 1

i, j 1,2,..., n
Closed system of equations

Tj

Internal Heat sources

Occupants, Lighting, Equipment
Typically - Defined by heat flux
Convective
Affects the air temperature

Radiative
Radiative heat flux distributed to surrounding surfaces
according to the surface area and emissivity

Qsource { Areai ( i ) / SUM [ Area i ( i i )]} Qsource _ radiation

i

Surface Balance
For each surface
external or internal :
All radiation components

Conduction
Convection

Convection + Conduction + Radiation = 0