MK FISIKA DASAR 2

ENGE600004
4 SKS

Rachmat Andika

Multiferroic Research Group

Departemen Fisika
FMIPA - UI

DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

OUTLINE

Introduction to Diffraction Patterns

Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
The Diffraction Grating
Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

The diffraction pattern that appears on

a screen when light passes through a
narrow vertical slit

Intense central band : central maximum

Less intense additional bands : side
maxima or secondary maxima
A series of intervening dark bands : side
minima

Light from a small source passes by the edge of

an opaque object and continues on to a screen.

DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FROM

NARROW SLITS

In order to the rays reaching the

screen are approximately
parallel, assume that

The observing screen is far from the

slit
We using a converging lens to focus
the parallel rays on a nearby screen

The pattern of the screen is called

a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a
single slit.

Each portion of the slit acts as a

source of light waves.
Waves from the upper half of the slit
interfere destructively with waves
from the lower half when

The general condition for destructive

interference is

Intensity distribution for a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern from

a single slit of width a

EXAMPLE

Light of wavelength 580 nm is incident on a slit

having a width of 0.3 mm. the viewing screen is 2 m
from the slit. Find the positions of the first dark
fringes and the width of the central bright fringe

The width of the central bright fringe is equal to 2y1

INTENSITY OF SINGLE-SLIT
DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Minima occur when

EXAMPLE

Find the ratio of the intensities of the secondary

maxima to the intensity of the central maximum
for the single-slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern

RESOLUTION OF SINGLE SLIT

RESOLUTION OF CIRCULAR
APERTURES

EXAMPLE

Light of wavelength 589 nm is used to view an

object under a microscope. If the aperture of the
objective has a diameter of 0.900 cm.
What

is the limiting angle of resolution?

If it were possible to use visible light of any
wavelength, what would be the maximum limit of
resolution for this microscope?

THE DIFFRACTION GRATING

A useful device for

analyzing light sources

Consists of a large
number of equally
spaced parallel slits

Condition for
interference maxima for
a grating:

EXAMPLE

Monochromatic light from a helium-neon laser ( =

632.8 nm) is incident normally on a diffraction grating
containing 6000 grooves per centimeter.

Find the angles at which the first and second order maxima
are observed

DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS BY
CRYSTALS

Crystalline structure of NaCl.

The

blue spheres represent Cl- ions

The red spheres represent Na+ ions

The condition for constructive interference (maxima in the

reflected beam) is
Braggs
Law