From the 4 Dimension

th

An introductory lecture that describes the

mathematics behind Field Dynamics

What do you see?

Creating a 4D geometry
Thinking outside the 4D box
Field dynamics

What do you see?

Look at the stars. Where do they appear to be? They

all appear to lie on a surface. You cant distinguish
between objects nearby and far away.
The signals that reach your eye come from very
different times some come from
many centuries ago.

What do you see?

In absence of relative spatial information,

like color and texture, you dont know
where an object is.

What do you see?

Sometimes perception fools you

What do you see?

What do you see?

An event occurs at time t.

Age is measured in the negative t direction and
time t moves in the positive t direction.
An event reaches your eye at time t. The signal
from the event travels towards you at speed c.
The relative time between the event and when you
see it is t + t. The distance traveled is
r = c (t + t).

What do you see?

The communication line

ct = r ct

t=0
ct

ct
r

You dont directly measure

t
the time of an event, its
speed, or its distance from
you. You only record the
time t it reaches you.

Creating a 4D geometry

Goal:
To Create an Ordinary 4D Geometry
Question:
What is an Ordinary 4D geometry?
Answer:
A Geometry that Bases its Length
on the Pythagorean Theorem

Creating a 4D geometry

b
ab
c
a

c2 = a 2 + b 2

The Pythagorean Theorem uses area = base x height

It doesnt make sense when a coordinate is temporal.

Creating a 4D geometry

The 4th dimension of an ordinary 4D geometry is

created using the communication line.
The time t on the communication line is rotated 90
degrees to create a 4th perpendicular coordinate.
To do this, we first need to review complex
numbers.

Creating a 4D geometry

Historical perspective
Geometry once consisted of only zero and positive
numbers. The construction of geometric shapes
requires only line segments.
When the coordinate system was introduced the
need arose for rays. Rays accompanied an
acceptance of negative numbers and complex
numbers.

Creating a 4D geometry

The Ray
y
R = (x, y)

Creating a 4D geometry
R1 + R2 = (x1, y1) + (x2, y2) = (x1 + x2, y1 + y2)
aR = a(x, y) = (ax, ay)

aR

R
R2
R1

Rays can be added and lengthened in any order.

They obey the five rules of ordinary arithmetic
(associative rules of addition and multiplication, commutative rules of
addition and multiplication, distributive rule).
Thus, rays can be manipulated like numbers.
This is the foundation of real vector algebra.

Creating a 4D geometry
Rays can be rotated,
added, and lengthening
in any order. They
satisfy the five rules of
arithmetic. This
produces the general
operation
(a + ib)(x, y)

iR = (y, x)

R = (x, y)

x
i means rotate 90 degrees

Its standard to write (x, 0) as simply x and (0, y) = i(y, 0) as simply

iy so a ray (x, y) can be viewed as
(x, y) = (x, 0) + (0, y) = x + iy
This is the foundation of complex algebra and this is what allows the
operation i to be regarded as a number.

Creating a 4D geometry
.now we rotate time and create the 4th geometric coordinate.

ct = r ct = r + i2ct = r + ix 4
x4 = ict

x4

R = (r, x4) = ct
x42 r 2

Creating a 4D geometry

x4

R = (r, x4) = ct

x r
2
4

ct ' r ct r ix4
2

x42

r
2

x42

x4
2

x42

This development showed that physical reality can

be represented by an ordinary 4D geometry.
We saw why the Pythagorean Theorem can be used
with a temporal coordinate, and found how
geometric time x4, conventional time t, and the
measurement t are related to each other.

Thinking outside the 4D box

Thinking outside the 4D box

Thinking outside the 4D box

The faces of a 4D
cube are 3D cubes.
The faces consist of
8 3D cubes a
positive and
negative cube for
each axis.

Thinking outside the 4D box

The two most common 3D vector operations are the dot product and the cross product.
The dot product works in 4D, too. Heres how the right-hand rule and the cross product
extend to 4D.

In 3D, the normal

to a surface is

Ai eijk B j Ck
In 4D, the normal
to a volume is

Ai eijkl B j Ck Dl

Field dynamics

The ordinary 4D geometry

discussed in this talk is the
foundation of field dynamics.

Field dynamics

The Problem-Solving Process in

Field Dynamics
Formulation
Set-up: A constitutive topology is set up.
particles, boundary conditions, types of interactions
(electro-mechanical)
order-reduction (irreversible processes)
Transition: The system is drawn (free-body diagram).
Solution
Equation: Governing equations are listed.
Answer: Equations are solved.
Knowledge: Insight is gained.

THE
END