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Environment
• Mean Temperature (July) 76°F
• Mean Temperature (January)27°F
• Annual Average Rainfall 34
inches
• Average Frost Depth 28
inches
(for fine-grained soil)
AASHO Road Test
Flexible Materials
• HMA • Subgrade
– Dense-graded
– A-6 soil (silt/clay)
– 85-100 pen asphalt
• Base Course – 82% passing No.
– Crushed limestone 200
– 10% passing No. 200 – Average CBR = 2.9
– Average CBR = 107.7 – Optimum wc =
• Subbase Course 13%
– Sand/gravel mixture
– 6.5% passing No. 200
– CBR = 28 – 51
AASHO Road Test
Flexible Sections
• HMA
– 1 to 6 inches thick • Thickest section
– 6 inches HMA
– 9 inches base
• Base Course – 16 inches subbase
– 0 to 9 inches thick – Used for heavy loads
– 2.6 to 3.6 PSI at test end
• Thinnest section
• Subbase Course – 1 inch HMA
– 0 to 16 inches – Used for light loads
thick – 8 to 25 ESALs to failure
AASHO Road Test
Flexible Performance
• Majority failed
• Even thickest sections sustained
appreciable damage
• Most failed during spring thaw
– Frost action was a major contributor
– Thicker base & subbase helped to
mitigate frost action
AASHO Road Test
Rigid Materials
• Cement
– Type I
– 564 lb/yd3
• Portland Cement Concrete
– Maximum w/c = 0.47
– 14-day compressive strength = 3500 psi
– 14-day flexural strength = 550 psi (1/3 point)
– Slump = 1.5 to 2.5 inches
– Maximum aggregate size = 1.5 and 2.5 inches
• Subbase and subgrade were the same as
flexible sections
AASHO Road Test
Rigid Sections
• Slabs
– 2.5 to 12.5 inches • Thickest section
thick – 12.5 inch slab
– 9 inches subbase
– Used for heavy loads
• Subbase Course – 4.2 to 4.5 PSI at test end
– 0 to 9 inches thick • Thinnest section
– 2.5 inch slab
– Used for light loads
• Dowel Bars
– 4.2 to 4.4 PSI at end
– All had dowel bars
– Sizes varied
AASHO Road Test
Rigid Performance
• Majority did not fail
• Most sections PSI at the test end
was around 3.8 to 4.4
AASHO Road Test
Trucks
Definition:
"The judgment of an observer as to
the current ability of a pavement
to serve the traffic it is meant to
serve"
AASHO Road Test
Basic Idea
p0
Serviceability (PSI)
p0 - pt
pt
Time
Basic Equations
Basic Relationship
β
W
po − p = ( p0 − pt )
ρ
∀ β and ρ depend on pavement structure (thickness and
stiffness) and loading
∀ β determines the shape of the graph
∀ ρ is the number of loads at which p = 1.5
Basic Equations
Basic Equation
∆PSI
log
log W18 = Z R × S 0 + 9.36 log( SN + 1) − 0.20 + 4.2 − 1.5 + 2.32 log( M ) − 8.07
R
1094
0.40 +
( SN + 1) 5.19
W18
Base 10 logarithm of the predicted number of ESALs over
the lifetime of the pavement. The logarithm is taken based
on the original empirical equation form from the AASHO
Road Test.
Explanation of Terms
∆PSI
log
4.2 − 1.5
log W18 = Z R × S 0 + 9.36 log( SN + 1) − 0.20 + + 2.32 log( M R ) − 8.07
1094
0.40 +
( SN + 1) 5.19
SN
Structural number. An abstract number expressing the
structural strength of a pavement required for given
combinations of soil support (MR), total traffic (ESALs) and
allowable change in serviceability over the pavement life
(ΔPSI).
Structural Number
• Converted to a layer depth using
coefficients.
– SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3 + …
a= layer structural coefficient
Subbase course
Crushed stone 0.11
Drainage Coefficient (m)
Generally, quick draining layers that almost never saturate
can have drainage coefficients as high as 1.4, while slow-
draining layers that often saturate can have drainage
coefficients as low as 0.40. Most often, the drainage
coefficient is neglected (i.e. set as m = 1.0).
Structural Number
Reliability (ZR, S0)
∞
∞
Reliability = P [Y > X] P[Y > X ] = ∫ f x ( x ) ∫ f y ( y )dy dx
−∞ x
X = Probability distribution of stress Y = Probability distribution of strength
(e.g., from loading, environment, etc.) (variations in construction, material, etc.)
Probability
Stress/Strength
Reliability (ZR, S0)
Reliability ZR
99.9 -3.090
99 -2.327
95 -1.645
90 -1.282
80 -0.841
75 -0.674
70 -0.524
S0 50 0
Typical values for flexible pavement are 0.40 to 0.50. S0
cannot be calculated from actual traffic or construction
numbers so it is almost always assumed to be 0.50.
Solving the Equation
• Iterative process
– Both ESAL and structural equation
have SN
• MR conversion
AASHTO Conversion
99 -2.327
95 -1.645
90 -1.282
85 -1.037
80 -0.841
75 -0.674
Step 4: Choose ΔPSI
• Somewhat arbitrary
– Typical p0 = 4.5
– Typical pt = 1.5 to 3.0
– Typical ΔPSI = 3.0 down to 1.5
Step 5: Calculate Design
• Decide on basic structure
Resilient Modulus (psi)
Layer a Typical Chosen
HMA 0.44 500,000 at 70°F 500,000
ACB 0.44 500,000 at 70°F 500,000
UTB 0.13 20,000 to 30,000 25,000
Aggregate 0.13 20,000 to 30,000 25,000