Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Management
Theory and Practice
Looking back
Organized endeavors directing people for
planning, organizing, executing, leading,
monitoring and controlling activities have existed
since the beginning of the civilization. (Pyramids,
Monuments, Mythology)
It has been only during the last century that this
subject has undergone systematic investigation,
acquired a common body of knowledge and has
become a formal discipline.
It has been the fastest growing discipline both in
content and application over the last 50 years
T h e c la s s ic a l th e o r is ts
B e h a v io ra l S c h o o l
(H u m a n R e s o u rc e s A p p ro a c h )
Q u a lita tiv e a p p ro a c h
R e c e n t y e a rs In te g r a tiv e a p p r o a c h
S c ie n t ific M a n a g e m e n t
( F r e d e r ic T a y lo r )
( F r a n k a n d L ilia n G ilb e r t)
( H e n r y L G n a tt)
E a r ly a d v o c a te s
( R o b e r t O w e n , H u g o M u n s te rb e r g ,
M a r y P a r k e r F o lle tt,
C h e s te r B a r n a r d )
O p e ra tio n s r e s e a rc h o r
M a n a g e m e n t S c ie n c e
C h a r le s 'T e x ' T h o r n to n )
R o b e rt M c N a m a ra
P ro c e s s e s
( H a r o ld K o o n tz )
G e n e r a l a d m in i s tr a ti v e t h e o r ie s
( H e n r i F a y o l)
( M a x W e b e r)
H a w th r o n e s tu d ie s
( E lto n M a y o )
S y s te m s
H u m a n r e la tio n s m o v e m e n t
( D a le C a r n e g ie , A b r a h a m M a s lo w ,
D o u g la s M c G r e g o r)
C o n t in g e n c y
B e h a v io r a l s c ie n c e th e o r is t
( F r e d F ie d le r , V ic to r V r o o m ,
E d w in L o c k e e tc )
1.
2.
3.
Centralization
Hierarchy
Orderliness (right people
and right material at right
place)
Stability of Tenure
Initiative
Esprit de corps
3. Bureaucratic Management
Max Weber (German Sociologist) described goal
oriented large organization as bureaucracy -- defined as
an administrative system which is deliberately designed
for accomplishment of large scale tasks through
coordination of individual efforts in a rule bound, fair
and efficient manner. It is characterized by clear division
of labor, well trained personnel appointed on the basis of
their competence, hierarchy (clear career path), rules and
regulations, rational power (traditional / charismatic)
and impersonal relationships.
Although the term bureaucracy has been popularized for
referring to government organizations, it is being
practiced in virtually every large and formal
organization
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Organizing
Controlling
Allocate work,
authority & resources
to achieve organizational
goals
Leading
Direct, influence & motivate
employees to perform
essential tasks
External environment
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Leading
Controlling
To produce outputs
External environment
Facilitated by communication
Linking the organization with
External environment
Managerial knowledge,
Goals of claimants
& use of inputs
Inputs:
Human, Capital
Managerial, Technological
others
Goal inputs of claimants:
Employees, consumers, suppliers,
Stockholders, governments,
Communities and others
External Environment
Outputs:
Products, Services,
Profits, Satisfaction,
Goal integration & others
Global
Ecosystem
Global
External (macrobeyond influence of the org)
Competition
Labor
Money
Economic
Business
organization
Socio Cultural
Equipments
Materials
Technological
Internal
Demographic
Political /
Legal
Global
Current Issues:
Workforce Diversity
Ethics
Stimulating Innovation and change
Total Quality Management
Re-engineering
Empowerment and teams
Bimodal Workforce
Downsizing
Contingent Workers
Conclusions:
In view of the discussions so far, management has
started to become less based on the
conceptualization of classical theory of
management and the typical military command
and control, and more on facilitation and support
of collaborative activity. Now management deals
with the complexities of human interaction to
achieve organizational or group goals in an
effective and efficient manner.
Suggested Reading
Management: P Stoner, Freeman and
Gilbert, Jr.
Management: Stephen P. Robbins and Mary
Coulter.
Management A Global Perspective: Heinz
Weihrich and Harold Koontz