Question Answered

What is Public Administration?

What is the difference between Public and Private Administration?
What are similarities between Public and Private Administration?
What is the scene set to discuss the management in different

kinds of organizations?

How public and private organizations are different?

How organization theories, management practices and

behaviours are applicable to both types of organizations?

Question Answered
What is the challenge for effective public management and

effective public organization?

What is the conceptual framework to define an organization?

What is the meaning of Development in the light of various

approaches?

Transaction from Development Administration to Development

Management?

The background of Good Governance?

What is New Public Management (NPM)?

Public Administration
What is Public Administration?

Some Definitions
Public administration is the action part of

government, the means by which the purpose and

goals of government are realized
Public Administration is a detailed and systematic

application of law Woodrow Wilson

Public Administration is the authoritative

implementation of those public choices that have

been legitimated through political processes
Larry B. Hill and F. Ted Herbert.

Some Definitions (Cont.)

The process of public administration consists

of the actions involved in effecting the intent

or desire of the government, concerned with
carrying out the law, as made by the
legislative bodies (or other authoritative
agents) and interpreted by courts, through the
processes of organization and management
Gordan

Some Definitions (Cont.)

Public Administration:
(a) is a cooperative group effort in a public setting;
(b) covers all three branches executive,
legislative and judical and their interrelationships
(c) has an important role in the formulation of
public policy and this part of political process;
(d) is different in significant ways from private
administration; and
(e) is closely associated with numerous private
groups and individuals. F. A. Nigro

Some Definitions (Cont.)

Differences in definitions?

Some Definitions (Cont.)

Conclusion:

Public administration involves activity, it is

concerned with politics and policy making, it
tends to be concentrated in the executive
branch of government, it differs from private
administration, and it is concerned with
implementing the law.

Public vs Private
Administration
How does Public Administration differ from

Private Administration?

Public vs Private Administration

(Cont.)
Constitution
Public Interest
Market
Sovereignty

Constitution
In United States, the federal and state
constitutions define the environment of public
administration and place constraints over it.
Similarly in Pakistan the constitution provides for
it;
Political Executive (Cabinet/ P.M./ President);

Article 90 to 99 provide for executive authority

of the state to the Political Executive

Constitution (cont.)

Constitution (cont.)
Administrative/Bureaucratic Executive;

To make policies as per the will of constitution and to

carry out the will of legislature as per
Fundamental Rights (Article 8 to 28) and Principles
of Policy (Article 29 to 40), Art. 2A and other
Articles.
Such as; Health policy, Education policy, Foreign
policy, Haj policy, Benazir Income Support Scheme.

Constitution (cont.)

Constitution (cont.)

Public Interest
The government obligation to promote the

public interest to serve a higher purpose

distinguishes public administration from
private administration.
Interest of the private firms?
Not-for-Profit Organizations (NPOs)?

Market
Public agencies dont face free competitive

markets. The prices are established trough

budgetary routines. Revenues are generated
through taxation/fees etc. and in some cases
bonds are sold. A public agency may operate
as a monopoly but it always has constraints.
Market for private agencies?

Sovereignty

Sovereignty (Cont.)
Public administrators are engaged in the

formulation and implementation of policies that

allocate resources, values and status in a fashion
that is binding on the society as a whole. Theyre
the agents of the people which means that the
action of public administrators have the force of
law and the coercive power of the government
behind them.
How does a private firm exercise its powers (on

stakeholders)?

Public
vs Private
scope/functions
of Public Administration and
Private Administration?
Administration
Similarities
Are there any similarities in the

Public vs Private
Administration
Similarities

Function/Scope: Luther Gullicks POSDCORB

Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordination
Reporting
Budgeting

About the Book (Rainey):

Country of Context
United States of America

Publishing Year
2014

Edition
Fifth

Organization
Dynamic Context of Public Organizations
Key Dimensions of Organizing and Managing
Strategies for Managing and Improving Public

Organizations

About the Book:

Target Audience
Students of Master of Public Administration,

Doctoral Seminars and Practicing Managers &

Professionals

Focused on
Integration of Various Organization Behaviour,

Organization & Management Topics

Author
Hal G. Rainey, Professor at University of Georgia
Approach
Positivist
Study
Descriptive

About the Book:

Assumption
Review and explanation of the literature on

organization and their management, integrated

with a review of the research on public
organizations, supports understanding and
improved management of public organizations.

Overview
Individualism and political liberalism Hinder

and drive the public organizations to run

Politicians or bureaucracy? A tug of war for

defining and redefining roles.

Governments (to serve the public) are not for

profit. Deficits are there. Pressure for carrying

out development in the country exist

Overview (Continued)
Government maintains writ with authority

and power entrusted.

Government employees remain under the

web of politics.
Gross results are weak management of

organizations and functions

Overview (Continued)
Situation forces to
Curtail government authority
Replace it with greater private activity
Make government operations more like to those of

private business firms

Along with performance in question, public

organizations are indispensable

Overview (Continued)
Too little analysis of the differences of public

and private sector organizations has

initiated research and scholarly writing on
public management and public organization
theory.

General Management
Integration of general management theory with
and
Public
Organization
public organization would help but challenging.
Sociologists, psychologists and business

administration have developed an elaborate body of

knowledge in the fields of organizational behavior
and organization theory.
Both classical and contemporary scholars believe

that knowledge & theories are equally applicable to

all types of organizations

OB, OT and Management

The origin of organizational behavior

(individuals and groups) is from industrial

and social psychology
Organization theory is more based more

on sociology.

OB, OT and Management

Management functions leading,

organizing, motivating, planning and

strategy making, evaluating effectiveness
and communicating etc.
Generic tradition fills organization

theory, organizational behavior and

general management.

Public Administration,
Economics,
and Political
Body of literature, knowledge about public
administration exist
Science
Political scientists see public organizations

political role and relationships with legislators,

courts, chief executives, interest groups and
portray it different
Economists analyze the absence of economic

markets deteriorating public organizations and

hence differentiating from private organizations.

Public Administration,
Economics,
and Political
Sociologists and psychologists pointed out
divergence between general management public
Science
bureaucracy but believed OB and OT models and
framework still offer to analyze public organizations
They called for integration but performed empirical

research with generic approach ignoring the

concerns of political scientists and economists.
They faulted their concerns saying their descriptions

are anecdotal, too little and less systematic.

Issues in Education and

Research
1916 First MPA was introduced
Generic Movement in 1960-70s Introduction

of graduate programs in public administration

among universities around America and were
accredited by The National Associations of
Schools of Public Affairs and Administration.
Later emphasis of differences led to

introduction of MBA

Issues in Education and

Research
1980 Conference at the Brookings Institution
by US Office of Personnel Management to
address widespread concern about the lack of
depth of knowledge in this field. It started a
movement to write on this topic.
1990 Network of scholars managed to have

five National Management Research

Conferences which led to publication of books
professional journals articles

Issues in Education and

Research
2000 The group formed Public Management
Research Association to promote research on
this topic

Ineffective Public
Management?
Conflicting view point about organizations
Make blunders and harm people inside and outside

organizations
Severe challenges in effective operations and control

through democratic process

Disincentive and constraints due to above public

administrators cannot assume role of private

managers

Ineffective Public
Management?
Short terms of officials, complex rules, less
flexibility, political pressures, political
showmanship and little attention on internal
management, ignoring expert advice, less
expertise and incentives for elected officials
add to the problems of ineffectiveness and
inefficiency

Effective Public
Management
Despite all the role of public organizations is
indispensable and have legitimate role
Some authors contend that public

bureaucracies perform better than is

commonly acknowledged
Many examples of excellent performance can

be seen like NHA & Motorway Police, Rescue

1122, Metro Bus, Army

The Challenge of
Sustained
Attention
and
Conflicting pressures
of who should control
and how should control and whose interest
Analysis
should be served? Etc.
Complex objectives and difficult conflicts
Organizations and managers to balance

conflicting objectives and priorities

The Challenge of
Sustained
Attention
and
Unique and generic
context for effective
public management go side by side.
Analysis
The challenge is to identify how much we know

about the process and when, where, how and

why it applies.
Sustained and serious attention to developing
knowledge is required

A Framework for
Organizational Analysis

Overview
Explore the complex and diverse contexts of

development and public sector organizations

In terms of;
History
Practice
Environmental Factors: Opportunities & Constraints
Analyze the ways in which public sector

organizations influence development policies and

their effect on results achieved;

Identify and discuss the appropriateness of

approaches for improving the contribution that the

public sector makes to development; and
Argue the case for a vital and prominent role for

public sector organizations in development.

Themes
First: the organizational aspects of development

cannot be reduced to a technical fix.

Second: the importance of organizational

environments i.e. the factors and forces in

which organizations operate.
Third: the importance of political considerations

in administrative analysis and practice.

Fourth: environmental issue. Development is

What is Development?
the act or process of growing or causing something

to grow or become larger or more advanced; the

act or process of creating something over a period
of time. (Webster)
There is no consensus about the meaning of

development. It is a contested concept and there

have been a number of battles to capture its
meaning.

Perspectives
Modernization Perspective:
Until the end of 1960s
Society progressed through an identified series of

stages to become modern(follow west)

Optimistic
Ethnocentric
Heavily depended on economic growth
Results?

Liberal Reformulations:
Minimized the role of economic growth
Welfare goals were set
Basic needs approach: Thebasic needs approachis one
of the majorapproachesto the measurement of absolute poverty
in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute
minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being,
usually in terms of consumption goods.

Redistribution with growth

Integrated rural development
World Bank: prime agency promoting such liberal
reformulations.

Neo-Marxists:
Questioned the prevailing political economy.
Rejected modernization schools explanation.
Other Neo-Marxists: believed in simple reductionism

i.e. Reductionismis the idea that a system can be

totally determined by looking at its parts, and by
combining these using rules such as logic.

Dependency School:
Dependency theoryis the notion that resources flow

from a "periphery" of poor and underdevelopedstate to a

"core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the
expense of the former. It is a central contention of
dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and
rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated
into the "world system".
The premises of dependency theory are that:
Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labour, a
destination for obsolete technology, and markets for
developed nations, without which the latter could not have
the standard of living they enjoy.
Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of
dependence by various means. This influence may be
multifaceted, involvingeconomics,media
control,politics,banking andfinance,education,culture,
andsport.

Similarities between
Modernization
and
Neo-Marxist
Both derive from European experience, formulated
by intellectuals, planners and politicians.
Both have visions of traditional or pre-capitalist

society and the modern capitalist society or the

idealized socialist society.
Neither perspective has ascribed much importance

to views and wishes of those about to be

developed.

Neo-Populist:
Creators of alternative development strategies
Focused on small-scale enterprises, retention of a

peasant agriculture and non-agriculture petty

commodity production
World of villages and small towns rather than
industrial cities.
Criticism of orthodox development. Assisted by
post-development and post-modernism.

The post-developmentalists have incorporated

aspects of post-modernism, and as such have

become a diverse church under whose roof we find
community movements, ecofeminists, the
homeless, indigenous peoples, environmentalists
and many others.
Neo-Liberalism: emerged as critique of
Modernization and Neo-Marxism
Counter-Revolutionaries neo-liberals and neopopulists. Advocated policies restricting state
intervention in the economy and society.
Results? Worked during 80s and 90s.

Washington Consensus

John

Williamson

Fiscal policydiscipline, with avoidance of large fiscal deficits relative

to GDP;
Redirection ofpublic spendingfrom subsidies ("especially
indiscriminate subsidies") toward broad-based provision of key progrowth, pro-poor services like primary education,primary health
careandinfrastructureinvestment;
Tax reform, broadening the tax base and adopting moderate
marginal tax rates;
Interest ratesthat are market determined and positive (but
moderate) in real terms;
Competitiveexchange rates;
Trade liberalization: liberalization of imports, with particular emphasis
on elimination of quantitative restrictions (licensing, etc.); any trade
protection to be provided by low and relatively uniformtariffs;
Liberalization of inwardforeign direct investment;
Privatization ofstate enterprises;
Deregulation: abolition of regulations that impede market entry or
restrict competition, except for those justified on safety,
environmental and consumer protection grounds, and prudential

Millennium Development
To eradicateextreme povertyandhunger
Goals
To achieveuniversal primary education
To promotegender equality
To reducechild mortality
To improvematernal health
To combatHIV/AIDS,malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development

Sustainable development
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
goals
End hunger, achievefood securityand improved nutrition

and promotesustainable agriculture

Ensure healthy lives and promotewell-beingfor all at all
ages
Ensureinclusiveandequitablequality education and
promotelifelong learning opportunities for all
Achievegender equalityandempowerall women and girls
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment anddecent
workfor all
Build resilientinfrastructure, promote inclusive
andsustainable industrializationand fosterinnovation

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient

and sustainable
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Take urgent action to combatclimate changeand its
impacts
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marineresourcesfor sustainable development
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrialecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combatdesertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversityloss
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies forsustainable
development, provideaccess to justicefor all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership forsustainable development
As of August 2015, there were 169 proposed targets for
these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show

From development
administration
to
development
Donald Stone said The primary obstacles to
management
development are administrative rather than
economic.
Thus, practice of development administration was
created to play a major role in facilitating
development.
Practical application for Modernization.
Managerial struggle against Communism

Development Administration:
Modernization
Governments as frontrunners to create a
difference.
Elitist bias.
Perceived as the transfer and application of a bag

of tools.
Foreign Aid.
Traditional culture was seen as a barrier.

Chronology of Management Thought

Approach

Date

Selected Features

Classical

1900

Organizations perceived as closed

systems; stress on efficiency and the
bureaucratic form.

Behavioral/
Human Relations

1930

Emphasis on people than machines;

group dynamics, communication,
motivation, leadership

Quantitative

1940

Quantitative tools to support decision

making, operational management,
management information system

Quality
movement

1955

Continuous improvement by working

together and client focus, Total quality
management, ISO 9000

Open Systems/
Contingency

1965

Organizations seen linked with to the

environment; emphasis on fitting
organizational structure to the specific
environment

Power/politics

1965

Organizational decision-making not

guided by technical rationality but by
political processes

Managerialism

1980

Adoption by the public sector of private

sector management practices;

Approach

Date

Selected Features

Strategic
Management

1990

Determining organizational objectives and

the policies and plans to achieve them
involving the allocation and alignment of
resources; concern with external
environment

Change
Management

1995

Focus on designing and implementing

methods of organizational change
borrowing ideas and techniques from
other approaches; strong concern for
change leadership

Critical
Management

2000

Drawing on diverse theories, critical

management challenges the authority,
relevance and morality of mainstream
management theory and practice

Managing
Innovation

2010

Innovation increasingly found to be the

key to the organizational success. Search
for systems to encourage and manage
innovation

The Rise of Good

During
the discussion on development
Governance

administration and modernization, a more

significant intellectual innovation was taking place
and gaining ascendancy in the political sphere.
Good Governance was the framework for reshaping
the Third World state.
Authors regard good governance as having too
many meanings.
Partnership between government and the many
different constituencies in society.
Synonym for Sound development management.

Critical Issues
Firstly, multiple interactions between state, market

and society. A strength and a weakness.

Secondly, often oversimplify the relationship
between economic and political change.
Thirdly, old modernization theory dressed up in new
clothing.
Fourthly, it is ethnocentric in nature. Neglecting
indigenous values.

Conclusion of Good
Governance

New Public Management

(NPM)
This new approach is reform-oriented and seeks to
improve public sector performance. It starts from the
premise that traditional bureaucratically organized
public organization is broke and broken.
New public management (NPM), a term formally

conceptualized by Christopher Hood (1991)

NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in

the private sector sense), rather than as citizens.

New Public Management

(NPM) (Cont.)
NPM can be defined as a combination of

splitting large bureaucracies into smaller,

more fragmented ones, competition between
different public agencies, and between public
agencies and private firms and incentivization
on more economic lines.

New Public Management

(NPM) (Cont.)
Reforms under NPM embrace the following

premises:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Focus on Results
Marketization
Customer-Driven
Steering, Not Rowing
Deregulation
Employee Empowerment
Flexibility

Criticism on NPM
Some authors say NPM has peaked and is now

in decline.
Critics like Dunleavy argue that the cutting
edge of change has moved on to digital era
governance focusing on reintegrating
concerns into government control, holistic (or
joined-up) government and digitalization
(exploiting the Web and digital storage and
communication within government).
One example of this is openforum.com.au

Conclusion