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N
TO UNFOLD
. THEORY OF SPECIAL
CREATION.
Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic
Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic
Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic
theory
It is believed that life has originated on
Theory of Chemical
evolution.
Theory of Chemical
evolution.
Theory of Chemical
evolution.
ORIGIN
ORIGINOF
OFFIRST
FIRSTCELL
CELL
EVOLUTION
It means to unfold or to reveal the
hidden potentialities.
It also means an orderly change from
one condition to the other.
Organic or biological evolution refers to
the changes in the properties of
organisms or groups of such populations
over a number of generations or decent
with modifications.
EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION
Evidences of evolution come from
1. Paleontology.
2.Comparative Anatomy and Morphology.
3.Molecular Homology
4.Biogeography.
PALAEONTOLOGY
It is the study of fossils.
Fossils found in rocks.
Rocks are formed by sedimentation.
Across section of the earth crust indicates the
EVIDENCES FROM
MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY
It refers to the similarities in bio
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE
The similarities in protein structure and
EVIDENCES FROM
BIOGEOGRAPHY
The study of distribution of animals and
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF
EARTH
The geological history of Earth is
natural selection.
Natural selects fittest.
He states that evolution give rise to
new characters which allow them to
make better utilization of resources and
enable them to reproduce better and
leave more progenies over many
generations so there will be a change in
population characters leading to the
origin of new species.
INDUSTRIAL
MELANISM
It is an adaptation where the moths
PEPPERED MOTH
EXPLANATION
When the soot covered the tree the dark
RESISTANCE TO
CHEMICALS.
Resistant varieties of organism in less time are
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
The process of evolution of different
Darwin's Finches
Darwin observed small diverse forms of black
AUSTRALIAN
MARSUPIALS
Many marsupials ( pouched animals)
PARALLEL EVOLUTION/
convergent evolution
Parallel evolution is shown by placental
Lamarck's theory of
evolution
evolution.
Mutation causes large heritable changes in a
population.
According to him mutation caused speciation and called
it as saltation( single step large mutation ).
He differed from Darwin in the following ways.
1.De-Vries mutation is random and direction less
while Darwin variations are small directional
2.De-Vries believed that such large single step
mutation caused speciation, but evolution for Darwin is
gradual and occurs over a number of generations.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
EVOLUTION TREE
APPLICATION OF
EVOLUTION
1.Man has bred selected plants and
Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
This principle states that under certain
2.Genetic Drift.
A random changes in the allelic frequencies of
3.Mutations.
Mutations are random and occurs at very slow
rates.
They are sufficient to create considerable
genetic variation for speciation.
4.RecombinationNew gene recombination of genes occur due
to crossing over in meiosis during
gametogenesis.
5.Natural SelectionIt is the most critical evolutionary process that
leads to changes in allelic frequencies and
favours or promotes adaptation as a product
Natural selection
It is the process occurring in nature that acts over a
extinction of reptiles.
Mammals started dominating on earth
when the reptiles disappears .
The evolutionary history of horse,
elephant, dog and man are well known to
us.
EVOLUTION OF HORSE
The ancestor of horse was EOHIPPUS, Which were
EVOLUTION OF MAN
Dryopithecus -lived about 15 mya is the common
ancestor of ape and man.
Ramapithecus was the next stage .
Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus both were hairy and
walked like gorillas.
HUMAN EVOLUTION as follows.
1.AUSTRALOPITHECUSIts fossils were discovered in Tanzania and Ethiopia.
Its brain capacity was 450-600 cc.
They were walked upright, about 4 feet tall.
They used stone weapons for hunting and ate fruits.
They were lived in East Asian grasslands.
DRYOPITHECUS
RAMAPITHECUS
AUSRALOPITHECUS
2.HOMO HABILIS-
2.HOMO HABILIS-
2.HOMO HABILIS-
3.HOMO ERECTUS
NEANDERTHALENSIS).
Its fossils were discovered in East and
Central Asia.
Their brain capacity was 1400 cc.
They must have lived about 1,00,00040.000 years back.
They buried their dead and used hides to
protect the body.
They become extinct about 25,000 years
before
4.HOMO SAPIENS
man).
They arose during the ice age between
75,000-10,000 years ago.
They cultivated plants and domesticated
animals .
They spread over the globe.
About 18,000 years before pre-historic
cave art developed.
About 10,000 years back Agriculture
started.
Human settlements and civilization
started.
Brain capacity 1300-1500 cc(average)
Definitions
ABIOGENSIS :- The origin of life from non living.
ADAPTIVE RADIATION :- An evolutionary process in which a common stock /
ancestor gives rise to new species that are adapted to new habitats and ways of
life.
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION :- Origin of new species in geographically isolated
populations.
ANALOGOUS ORGANS :- Organs which are similar in appearance and perform
similar functions but they are quite different in their origin and development.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION :- The process carried out by a select better breed of
plants and animals, which are advantageous to human beings.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS :- Six major land masses on earth which are
characterized by their own quota of life called flora and fauna.
BIOGEOGRAPHY :- Study of patterns of distribution of plants and animals in
different parts of the earth.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION :- Independent development of similar forms and
features by unrelated organisms usually as an adaptation to a similar
environment.
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION :- Origin of a variety of species from a common ancestral
form
organism.
SPECIATION :- Origin of new species.
SPECIES :- A taxonomic category including closely
related, morphologically similar individuals which
actually or potentially interbreed.
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION :- Origin of new species in the
populations occupying the same geographical area.
VESTIGIAL ORGANS :- Organs that have no apparent
function supposed to be remnants of organs once
functional in the ancestors
Differences
Homologous Organs
Analogous organs
different.
3. They often arise from different positions over the
body.
4. Stages in development are different.
5. They have similar functions.
6. Show convergent evolution.
7. Found in unrelated organisms
Lamarkism
The theory believes in the presence of an internal vital force in
all organisms.
2. It considers perfecting principle to be guiding principle for
all organisms to achieve harmony with environment.
3. Modifications and even new organs can develop due to new
needs, desires and conscious reaction.
4. Use and disuse of organs brings about their development
and degeneration respectively.
5. Change in environment produces variations.
6. It does not consider any struggle for existence.
Darwinism
1. The theory does not believe in the presence of any internal vital
Assignment Questions
1. What is fitness according to Darwin?
2. What is evolution according to Hardy-Weinberg?
3. What is common among the Australian marsupials like Koala,
body?
2) Which of the following are homologous organs? a Trunk of an
Elephant and forelimbs of a Monkey b) Wings of a bird and wings
of butterfly
3) Which of the following are analogous organs? a) Legs of
Cockroach and legs of Cat. b) Pectoral fin of fish and forelimb of
a frog.
4) Wing of bat is homologous to a) Arm of a human b) Tail of a
kangaroo c) Wing of a butterfly 5) Name the common ancestors
of Apes and Man.
6) Give the Scientific name of first human like ancestors. 7)
What causes speciation according to Hugo deVries?
8) Which were the first organisms that began to release oxygen
as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
9) Name the extinct representative of modern man.
10) Consider a thorn in Bougainvillea and a tendril in cucurbita .
Are these 2 organs homologous or analogous. Give reasons.