EVOLUTIO

N
TO UNFOLD

The appearance of life for the first

time on the earth, is called origin of

life.
It is the unique event in the history
of universe.
The universe is 20 billion years old.
It includes huge cluster of galaxies,
clouds of gas and dust.
The Big bang theory explains that the
universe arouse from a huge
explosion of a very large entity.
As the universe expanded and formed
galaxies of the present day universe.

BIG BANG THEORY

THE EARTH AND ITS ORIGIN

The earth was considered to be formed about 4.5

billion years before, in the solar system of the

milky way galaxy.
Water vapour ,methane, Amonia and
corbondioxide were released from the molten
mass.
The UV rays from the sun broke up water into
hydrogen and oxygen.
The cooled water vapour fell as rain and formed
as oceans.
From the oxygen ozone layer was also formed.
Life started appearing about 500 million years
after the formation of earth.

THE EARTH AND ITS ORIGIN

The earth was considered to be formed about 4.5

billion years before, in the solar system of the

milky way galaxy.
Water vapour ,methane, Amonia and
corbondioxide were released from the molten
mass.
The UV rays from the sun broke up water into
hydrogen and oxygen.
The cooled water vapour fell as rain and formed
as oceans.
From the oxygen ozone layer was also formed.
Life started appearing about 500 million years
after the formation of earth.

THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION.

. THEORY OF SPECIAL
CREATION.

THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION.
GOD , Supernatural being created the

earth, light ,plant and animals.

Three connotations of this

theory
1.All the living organisms that we see

today were created as such.

2. The diversity of life forms was always
the same since the time of creation and
will remain the same in future also.
3.The earth is about 4000 years old.
All these ideas underwent drastic
changes during the nineteenth century
when Charles Darwin introduced the
origin of life due to natural selection.

Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic

Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic

Theory of PANSPERMIA/Cosmozoic
theory
It is believed that life has originated on

Earth from other planets or outer space.

The units of life called spores or
pansperms came on earth and they
might have evolved into the present day
forms.

Theory of spontaneous generation

It was believed that life was originated

from decaying matter.

But Louis Pasteur proved that life can
arise only from pre-existing life.
He demonstrated that no life originates
when yeast broth which was heat killed
kept in pre sterilised close flask while
new living organisms originated from the
same heat killed yeast that was kept in
flask left open in air

Theory of Chemical evolution.

Oparin and Haldane proposed this theory.
This theory states that first life originated from

pre exsisting,non living organic molecules like

RNA, Proteins etc. by chemical evolution
( formation of organic molecules from inorganic
constituents.
The conditions of Earth favouring Chemical
Evolutions are
1. Very high temperature.
2.Volcanic storms.
3.Reduced atmosphere that contained methane,
amonia, water vapour etc.

Theory of Chemical
evolution.

Theory of Chemical
evolution.

Theory of Chemical
evolution.

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF FOR

CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF
LIFE
Stanley Miller and Urey created conditions

similar to primitive atmosphere using glass

apparatus and tubes in the laboratory.
They created electric discharge using
electrodes in a close flask containing methane,
ammonia , hydrogen and water vapour at 800
degree centigrade .
The water containing chamber was heated to
provide water vapour.
After a week, they observed the formation of
organic molecules like sugars, nitrogen bases,
amino acids and lipids.

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF FOR

CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE

Analysis of meteorites also indicated

the presence of similar compounds.

It indicating the occurrence of similar
processes else where in the space.
This chemical evolution of life was more
acepted.

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF FOR

CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE

ORIGIN
ORIGINOF
OFFIRST
FIRSTCELL
CELL

The first non-cellular forms of life was supposed

to be originated about three billion years before.

They would have been giant molecule like
RNA,PROTEIN OR POLYSACCHARIDES.
These Capsules were able to replicate
First cellular form of life must have appeared
about less than two billion years ago, they must
have been single cells.
All life forms have been appeared in water
bodies.
Once formed , these single cells must have
evolved into diverse complex organisms of
today.

EVOLUTION
It means to unfold or to reveal the

hidden potentialities.
It also means an orderly change from
one condition to the other.
Organic or biological evolution refers to
the changes in the properties of
organisms or groups of such populations
over a number of generations or decent
with modifications.

EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION
Evidences of evolution come from
1. Paleontology.
2.Comparative Anatomy and Morphology.
3.Molecular Homology
4.Biogeography.

PALAEONTOLOGY
It is the study of fossils.
Fossils found in rocks.
Rocks are formed by sedimentation.
Across section of the earth crust indicates the

arrangement of the sediments one over the other

during the long history of earth.
Different sediments of different ages contain
different life forms.
Certain organisms have become extinct.
Those found towards the upper layers resemble
the modern organisms

Some are found only after a certain

periods of earths formation.

Thus it can be concluded that new life
forms have appeared in the history of
the earth.

EVIDENCES FROM COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY.
Comparative anatomy and morphology shows

both similarities and differences among

present day organism and those existed long
before.
HOMOLOGY-It is the relationship among
organs of different groups of organisms, that
show similarity in the basic structure and
embryonic development, but performs
different functions.
Homology of different organs of different
organisms indicating their ancestry.

Ex. Bones of forelimbs of whale, bat,

bird, amphibian and human.

They have similar basic structure with
bones humerus, radius,
ulna,carpals,metacarpals and phalanges.
Thorn of bougainvillea and tendrils of
cucurbita.

ANALOGY.It is the relationship among

organs of different groups of organisms

performing the same functions, irrespective
of structural differences.
Ex. Eyes of octopus and those of birds.
Flippers of whale and those of penguins.
Plant kingdom-Tubers of sweet potato(root
modified) and those of potato(stem
modified)
Analogy is the result of convergent
evolution ( i.e.- similar habitat condition
have selected , similar adaptive features in
different groups of organisms towards the
same function.

EVIDENCES FROM
MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY
It refers to the similarities in bio

molecules of different groups of

organisms.
The biochemical similarities indicates to
the common ancestry of diverse
organisms.
Homology is based on convergent
evolution.

BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE
The similarities in protein structure and

genes which perform a given function,

among different organism which leads to
common ancestry.

EVIDENCES FROM
BIOGEOGRAPHY
The study of distribution of animals and

plants in the world is called

biogeography.
The geographical distribution of
different group of organisms indicates
common ancestry.
Habitat isolation has restricted these
organism to a particular geography on
the earth.

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF
EARTH
The geological history of Earth is

closely related to life biological history.

Inspite of similarities among the life
forms and common ancestors, the
ancestors were present at different
periods in geological history.

DARWIN THEORY OF NATURAL

SELECTION
It states that evolution is due to

natural selection.
Natural selects fittest.
He states that evolution give rise to
new characters which allow them to
make better utilization of resources and
enable them to reproduce better and
leave more progenies over many
generations so there will be a change in
population characters leading to the
origin of new species.

Adaptive ability is inherited, who have

ability to adapt are selected by nature.

Ex. Industrial melanism and Insecticide
resistant pests.

INDUSTRIAL
MELANISM
It is an adaptation where the moths

living in an industrial area develops

melanin pigment to match their body
colour to tree trunks.
Before industrialisation in England it was
observed that there were more white
winged moths ie Biston betularia when
almost lichen covered the tree trunks.
But after industrilisation there were
dark winged moth ie B.carbonaria when
the tree trunks became dark due to
industrial smoke and soot.

PEPPERED MOTH

EXPLANATION
When the soot covered the tree the dark

winged moths escaped from predators by

camouflage. While white coloured moths
survived better in pre-industrial period because
white coloured lichens covered the trees.
Since the industrial revolution did not occurred
in rural areas so the melanic moths did not
survived and their count was low.
Thus industrial melanism supports evolution by
natural selection, so the individuals that are
better adopted survive and reproduce in large
number to increase population size.

RESISTANCE TO
CHEMICALS.
Resistant varieties of organism in less time are

resulted due to insecticide/ pesticides ex.DDT

resistant mosquitoes, antibiotic resistant bacteria.
So evolution is not a directed process but
stochastic process based on chance events in
nature and mutation in organism.
Branching descend and Natural selection are the
two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of evolution.
Industrial melanism and origin of chemical
resistant varieties of organisms are the examples
of evolution by anthropogenic action.

ADAPTIVE RADIATION
The process of evolution of different

species in a given geographical area

starting from a point and literally
radiating to other areas of
geography(HABITAT) is called adaptive
radiation.
Ex. Origin of Darwin's Finches,
Australian marsupials.

Darwin's Finches
Darwin observed small diverse forms of black

birds in the Galapagos island, called Darwin's

finches .
Darwin gave the reason that these birds have
originated from a common ancestral seed
eating stock then radiated to different
geographical areas and have undergone
adaptive radiation especially in their type of
beak.
The new kinds of finches emerged could
function and survive in their new habitats ,
due to their living in isolation for long

AUSTRALIAN
MARSUPIALS
Many marsupials ( pouched animals)

each different from the other have

evolved from a common ancestral form
within Australia.
Occurrences of more than one adaptive
radiation in an isolated geographical
area with different habitats is called
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OR It is an
evolutionary process in which Natural
Selection can lead to similar habitats.

PARALLEL EVOLUTION/
convergent evolution
Parallel evolution is shown by placental

mammals, they have evolved from other

marsupial mammals, they have
resemblance of each of them with a
marsupial.
Ex. convergent evolution of Australian
Marsupials and Placental Mammals.

Ex. convergent evolution of Australian

Marsupials and Placental Mammals.

Lamarck's theory of
evolution

Lamarck's theory of evolution

According to Lamarck , the evolution of life forms

had occurred by the use and disuse of organs.

Organs are used more develop more that are not
used become vestigial in the long run.
The characters developed by an organism during its
life time is passed on to the progeny. Ex. Long neck
of giraffe.
According to him it is an outcome of the attempt to
stretch their neck continuously to eat leaves from
tall trees.
As they passed on this acquired character of long
neck to succeeding generations , giraffes came to
acquire long neck over a long period of time.

Mutations the cause of evolution

Hugo-de Vries proposed the mutation theory of

evolution.
Mutation causes large heritable changes in a
population.
According to him mutation caused speciation and called
it as saltation( single step large mutation ).
He differed from Darwin in the following ways.
1.De-Vries mutation is random and direction less
while Darwin variations are small directional
2.De-Vries believed that such large single step
mutation caused speciation, but evolution for Darwin is
gradual and occurs over a number of generations.

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

EVOLUTION TREE

APPLICATION OF
EVOLUTION
1.Man has bred selected plants and

animals for agriculture. Horticulture,

sport or security.
2. Man has domesticated many wild
animals and crops.(by intensive
breeding programmes .ex. Dogs
3. Man can create new breeds.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
This principle states that under certain

conditions of stability, the allele frequencies of a

populations are stable and remain constant
from generation to generation in sexually
reproducing organisms, this stability is called
genetic equilibrium or Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium.
The sum total of all the allelic frequencies is one
and it is represented as

Disturbances in the genetic equilibrium is

considered as evolutionary change.

Factors affecting genetic equilibrium.
1.Gene Migration- When some individuals of a
population migrate to other populations or
when certain individuals come into a
population, the gene frequencies of the given
population change( some genes are lost in the
first case and added in the second case).
If this migration occurs a number of times ,
gene flow occurs.

2.Genetic Drift.
A random changes in the allelic frequencies of

a population occurring only by chance ,

constitute genetic drift.
The change in the allelic frequency form a new
species.
The original drifted population become the
founder and the changes in the phenotype
and genotype of the progeny constitute the
founder effect.
Ex .in microbial population

3.Mutations.
Mutations are random and occurs at very slow

rates.
They are sufficient to create considerable
genetic variation for speciation.
4.RecombinationNew gene recombination of genes occur due
to crossing over in meiosis during
gametogenesis.
5.Natural SelectionIt is the most critical evolutionary process that
leads to changes in allelic frequencies and
favours or promotes adaptation as a product

Natural selection
It is the process occurring in nature that acts over a

number of generations and slowly increases the

population of those individuals which are well
adapted to the environment due to their heritable
characteristics.
Depending upon the trait favoured natural selection
can produce one of the three following effects.
1.Stabilization- In which more individuals acquire
mean character value ie variation is much reduced.
2. Directional change- In which more individuals
acquire value other than the mean character value.
3. Disruption- In which more individuals acquire
peripheral character value at both ends of the
distribution curve

HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF ANIMALS

About 2000 myb first cellular forms appeared
on earth.
These single celled organisms gradually evolved
into multicellular organisms .
About 500 mya invertebrates were formed.
About 350 mya ,jawless fish evolved.
The first organisms on land were plants.
The ancestors of modern day frogs were
coelocanth/lobe fish.
Fish like reptiles (Ichthyosaurs) were evolved
from reptiles.that moved back to water(200
mya)

 About 65 mya there was mass

extinction of reptiles.
Mammals started dominating on earth
when the reptiles disappears .
The evolutionary history of horse,
elephant, dog and man are well known to
us.

HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

About 200 mya first photosynthetic

single celled organism were evolved.

The first plants to colonize on land were
Bryophytes.
About 320 mya sea weeds and few
plants were existed
There was evolution of Herbaceous
lycopods and arborescent lycopods from
zosterophyllum of palaeozoic era.
The common ancestor for horsetails and
gymnosperms is psilophyton

EVOLUTION OF HORSE
The ancestor of horse was EOHIPPUS, Which were

lived in EOCENE epoch.

EOHIPPUS evolved into MESOHIPPUS in oligocene
epoch.
MESOHIPPUS to MERICHIPPUS in miocene .
MERICHIPPUS to EQEUS in pleiocene.
The major evolutionary changes.
1.Lengthening of limbs.
2.Lengthening of toes and reduction in the
number of toes.
3.General increase in body size.
4.Enlargement in brain size.

EVOLUTION OF MAN
Dryopithecus -lived about 15 mya is the common
ancestor of ape and man.
Ramapithecus was the next stage .
Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus both were hairy and
walked like gorillas.
HUMAN EVOLUTION as follows.
1.AUSTRALOPITHECUSIts fossils were discovered in Tanzania and Ethiopia.
Its brain capacity was 450-600 cc.
They were walked upright, about 4 feet tall.
They used stone weapons for hunting and ate fruits.
They were lived in East Asian grasslands.

DRYOPITHECUS

RAMAPITHECUS

AUSRALOPITHECUS

2.HOMO HABILIS-

They were lived in East-African grasslands

They were the first human like hominids.
Their brain capacity was 650-800 cc.
They ate fruits ,did not ate meat.
3.HOMO ERECTUS
Its fossils were discovered in Java (Java
man).
Its brain capacity was about 900 cc.
They ate meat.

2.HOMO HABILIS-

2.HOMO HABILIS-

3.HOMO ERECTUS

4.HOMO SAPIENS (HOMO SAPIENS

NEANDERTHALENSIS).
Its fossils were discovered in East and
Central Asia.
Their brain capacity was 1400 cc.
They must have lived about 1,00,00040.000 years back.
They buried their dead and used hides to
protect the body.
They become extinct about 25,000 years
before

4.HOMO SAPIENS

5.HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS (modern

man).
They arose during the ice age between
75,000-10,000 years ago.
They cultivated plants and domesticated
animals .
They spread over the globe.
About 18,000 years before pre-historic
cave art developed.
About 10,000 years back Agriculture
started.
Human settlements and civilization
started.
Brain capacity 1300-1500 cc(average)

Definitions
ABIOGENSIS :- The origin of life from non living.
ADAPTIVE RADIATION :- An evolutionary process in which a common stock /

ancestor gives rise to new species that are adapted to new habitats and ways of
life.
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION :- Origin of new species in geographically isolated
populations.
ANALOGOUS ORGANS :- Organs which are similar in appearance and perform
similar functions but they are quite different in their origin and development.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION :- The process carried out by a select better breed of
plants and animals, which are advantageous to human beings.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REALMS :- Six major land masses on earth which are
characterized by their own quota of life called flora and fauna.
BIOGEOGRAPHY :- Study of patterns of distribution of plants and animals in
different parts of the earth.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION :- Independent development of similar forms and
features by unrelated organisms usually as an adaptation to a similar
environment.
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION :- Origin of a variety of species from a common ancestral
form

FOSSILS :- The remains and / or impressions of

organisms that lived in the remote part.

GENE POOL :- The sum total of different kinds of genes
(alleles) polled by all the members of a population, is
called gene pool.
HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS :- Organs in different groups of
organisms, which have similar basic structural plan but
superficially, look different and perform different
functions.
NATURAL SELECTION :- The process occurring in nature
that acts over a number of generations and slowly
increases the proportion of those individuals which are
well adapted to the environment due to their heritable
characteristics.
ONTOGENY :- The stages of embryonic development of
the organism.
ORIGIN OF LIFE :- The appearance of life for the first
time on the earth is called origin of life.

OUT BREEDING :- Mating of two unrelated individuals.

PALAEOBOTANY :- The study of fossil plants.
PALAEONTOLOGY :- Study of fossils.
PALAEOZOOLOGY :- The study of fossil animals.
PHYLOGENY :- The evolutionary history of the

organism.
SPECIATION :- Origin of new species.
SPECIES :- A taxonomic category including closely
related, morphologically similar individuals which
actually or potentially interbreed.
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION :- Origin of new species in the
populations occupying the same geographical area.
VESTIGIAL ORGANS :- Organs that have no apparent
function supposed to be remnants of organs once
functional in the ancestors

Differences
Homologous Organs

1. They differ phenotypic ally.

2. They have similar internal structure.
3. They arise from similar position over the
body.
4. Stages in the development are the similar.
5. They perform different functions.
6. They show adaptive radiation.
7. They occur in related organisms

Analogous organs

1. They show superficial resemblance.

2. Internal structure of analogous organs is quiet

different.
3. They often arise from different positions over the
body.
4. Stages in development are different.
5. They have similar functions.
6. Show convergent evolution.
7. Found in unrelated organisms

Lamarkism
The theory believes in the presence of an internal vital force in

all organisms.
2. It considers perfecting principle to be guiding principle for
all organisms to achieve harmony with environment.
3. Modifications and even new organs can develop due to new
needs, desires and conscious reaction.
4. Use and disuse of organs brings about their development
and degeneration respectively.
5. Change in environment produces variations.
6. It does not consider any struggle for existence.

Darwinism
1. The theory does not believe in the presence of any internal vital

force in all organisms.

2. Nature selects only those individuals which are adapted to the
environment in which they live.
3. Modifications and development of new organs due to new needs,
desires and conscious reaction do not form part of the theory.
4. An organ can develop further or degenerate only due to variations
appearing in that direction.
5. Variations are already present. Changing
environment selects some particular variations suitable for it.
6. Struggle for existence is very important ingredient of this theory

Assignment Questions
1. What is fitness according to Darwin?
2. What is evolution according to Hardy-Weinberg?
3. What is common among the Australian marsupials like Koala,

wombat, sugar glider etc.?

4. Can we call the human evolution as an example of adaptive
radiation?
5. Why did the animals resembling horse, rabbit etc. of South
America disappear, but the pouched mammals of Australia
survived and flourished after continental drift.
6. Each of the placental mammals living in Australia resembles a
similar marsupial. What is it due to? Give two examples of each
7. Name and explain the common evolutionary phenomenon
shown by Australian marsupials and Darwins finches

1. How does biochemistry provide evidence

for organic evolution?

2. Give an example of evolution by
anthropogenic activities?
3. Mention the two key concepts of
Darwinism. 4. What is saltation
5. Name the group of extinct reptiles that was
the ancestor of the present day reptiles and
birds? Name the period of the geological time
scale in which it lived?

7. Hearts and brains of different classes of

vertebrates are homologous or analogous? What

do they indicate about evolution?
8. Explain how the atmosphere of Earth was
formed? 9. Fill in the blanks with the names of the
mammals of Placental mammals
Marsupial
mammals
a
Numbat
Lemur
b
Bob Cat
c
d
Flying phalanger

1. What is genetic drift?

3. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed

an experiment by recreating in the laboratory

the probable conditions of the atmosphere of
the primitive earth. i) what was the purpose of
the experiment . ii) in what form was the
energy supplied for the chemical reactions to
occur?
4. Why do we consider the lobefins have
evolved into amphibians? Give reason.

6. In England, after industrialization it was

observed that white winged moth did not

survive. a) What you think the cause may be?
b) What was the change and why it has
happened? c) Which organism is known as
natural indicator to air pollution?

1) Why do the animals have certain functionless organs in their

body?
2) Which of the following are homologous organs? a Trunk of an
Elephant and forelimbs of a Monkey b) Wings of a bird and wings
of butterfly
3) Which of the following are analogous organs? a) Legs of
Cockroach and legs of Cat. b) Pectoral fin of fish and forelimb of
a frog.
4) Wing of bat is homologous to a) Arm of a human b) Tail of a
kangaroo c) Wing of a butterfly 5) Name the common ancestors
of Apes and Man.
6) Give the Scientific name of first human like ancestors. 7)
What causes speciation according to Hugo deVries?
8) Which were the first organisms that began to release oxygen
as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
9) Name the extinct representative of modern man.
10) Consider a thorn in Bougainvillea and a tendril in cucurbita .
Are these 2 organs homologous or analogous. Give reasons.