FLOORING

FLOOR
The purpose of the floor is to provide a levelled
surface capable of supporting to the furniture,
equipments, & sometimes internal partitions.

Requirement of good floor1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Strength & stability.

Fire resistance.
Sound insulation.
Thermal insulation.
Damp proof.

Floors are categorized in

following types Ground

floor.

Upper floor.

Ground floor
The floor which directly rests on the ground surface
is known as ground floor.
Strength & stability are not major problems for
ground floor.
But dampness and thermal insulation are the main
problems for ground floor.
To protect ground floor from dampness, damp
proof course is provided below floor coverings.

FINISHED FLOOR

MORTAR

DAMP PROOF COURSE

EARTH FILL

GROUND
LEVEL

CONCRETE FILL

REFILLING OF PLINTH AND FOOTING PITS

Figure No. 3 Back filling in column pits

Manual and mechanical compaction of the plinth

upper floor
The floors situated above the ground floor are
known as upper floors.

Strength & stability are major problems for upper

floors.
Upper floors are supported only at ends or at
intermediate member like wall and beam.
Sound insulation &Thermal insulation are problems
for upper floor.

Factors affecting on the choice of

flooring material
Initial cost.
Appearance.
Durability.
Damp resistance.
Thermal insulation.
Sound insulation.
Fire resistance.

MATERIALS USED FOR FLOORING

STONES1. MARBLE.

2.GRANITE.
3.SHAHABAD.
4. KOTAH.
5.TANDOOR.

.TILES1.VITRIFIED TILE.
2.CERAMIC TILE.
3.MOSAIC TILES.
4.PORCELIN TILE.

PROCCESS OF FIXING A TILE

1. Surface
. The

preparation-

surface should be clean and levelled.

. There should not be any cement mortar
lumps on the slab or the corner of the room.
.There should be sufficient skirting margin
from the surface level.
. generally it should be 15cm (6) from the
slab surface.

Surface preparation

3.Taking reference level1.On the main door frame of the flat, mark a
fixed line from the floor and transfer this
fixed marking to all the door frames of the
flats on that particular floor of the building.
2. also transfer this level (khachra level) on
the walls and mark lines on the walls
temporarily with the help of red color (geru
or kav).
3.These lines prove useful checking the
level of tiling work and mortar bed at all the
stages.

Reference line making

2.Setting of right angle This is the most important part of the

flooring work and required extreme caution.
First , fix the right angle, taking in the
consideration the longest span of the room,
to ensure that there will be minimum
wastage of tile and therefore minimum
cutting work.
Now, fix the string line (dori) from the
right angle corner with one corner reference
tile and fix other tiles in room.
If the reference right angle dose not
match the wall , then try to adjust deference
in skirting.

3.SPREADING THE SCREED On the clean surface of the slab, screed

usually of 25 mm thickness is spread.
On it layer of slurry up to 6mm is spread
evenly & leveled.

Mortar bed

4.FIXING OF FLOOR COVERINGS.

Tiles or stone slab are buttered(cement paste is applied)
from back side so that proper bonding with the subfloor
takes place.
Then they are placed in their position and pressed
gently.
After completing the tiling work over all level of the floor
is checked.
Any unevenness is repaired with the wooden mallet.
The gaps between the walls and the floor are filled with
cut pieces of tiles.
The floor is then cleaned and should not be used for at
least for 24 hours.
Next day the gap or joint is filled between the tiles with
cement slurry.
Flooring is then cured for minimum of 14 days.

False flooring / cavity flooring

False flooring / cavity flooring

False Flooring helps for concealed
ducting, power cables, data cables, trays
and wirings, thereby giving a neat and
uncluttered appearance to the office.
These help in easy movement and in
avoiding the dangers of hanging or
expanding power connections.

Bathroom and toilet flooring.

construction of bathroom floors require special precautions as
continuous use of water is there in bathroom and toilets.
It needs proper water proofing.
Generally, brick bats are used for water proofing as they soak
water and stop it to flow further.
On the bricks concrete is poured then layer of water proofing
material is laid then the slurry is spread on which tiles are
fixed.
preferably antiskid tiles are laid over slurry.
Next day extra mortar from the joints is stroked off and joints
are filled carefully with cement paste.
Its very important that we should give proper slope to the
floor which is towards the nahani trap or floor trap.
slope provided in bathroom flooring is th per foot. or
0.125 X length of bathroom.

WATER PROOFING LAYER

TILE DROP

Specification of Skirting and

Dado:
12 MM thick plaster of cement coarse sand
mortar 1:3 shall be applied on the walls and
allowed to be hardened .
The plaster shall be roughened with wire
brushes.
The tiles should be soaked in water washed
cleaned , and a coat of cement slurry applied
liberally at the back of the tiles and set in the
bedding mortar.
The tiles shall be set in the required pattern
and jointed .

The joints shall be as fine as possible.

The joints shall be cleaned of the gray
cement to a depth of 2 mm and loose mortar
removed.
Joints shall then be flush pointed with white
cement.
The finish work shall then be kept wet for 7
days.
The joints shall be cleaned off .
The gray cement slurry with wire brush to a
depth of 2 mm and loose mortar removed.
Joints shall then be flush pointed with white
cement.
The floor then be kept wet for 7 days.

Floor coverings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

MUD AND MURUM.

BRICK.
FLAG STONE.
CONCRETE.
TERRAZZO.
MOSAIC.
TILES.
STONES.
GRONOLITHIC FINISH.
TIMBER.
ASHPHALT.
RUBBER.
LINOLIUM.
CORK.
GLASS.
P.V.C. OR PLASTIC.

MUD AND MURUM

FLOORING

BRICK FLOORING

MUD AND MURUM FLOOR

Mud means water mixed with soil. It is a plastic
material.
Mud floor is only used in low cost housing, specially
in village.
Murum is a form of disintegrated rock with binding
material.
Murum floor has practically same properties as that
of mud floor.

BRICK FLOOR
Brick floor is used in cheap construction specially where
good quality of bricks are available.
This flooring is specially suited to warehouses, stores,
godouns, etc.
Well burnt bricks of good colour and uniform shapes are
used.
It creates any good looking pattern.

FLAG STONE FLOORING

CONCRETE FLOOR

FLAGE STONE FLOOR

Flag stone is any laminated sand stone available in 2cm
to 4cm thicknesses, in the form of stone slab (30cm x
30cm, 45cm x 45cm, or 60cm x 60cm) or in rectangular
form of size (45cm x 60cm).
This type of work is called paving.
The stone slabs are laid on concrete base.

CONCRETE FLOOR
Concrete floor is used in residential, commercial,
industrial buildings.
It is cheaper, durable, and easy to construct.

RUBBER FLOOR

CERAMIC TILES

RUBBER FLOOR
It consist of sheets and tiles of rubber in variety of
patterns and colours with thickness varying from 3mm to
10mm.
The sheets or tiles are manufactured by mixing pure
rubber with fillers such as cotton fibers, asbestos fibers,
etc.
The sheets fixed to concrete base or wood by means
of appropriate adhesives.
Rubber flooring are resilient and noise proof.
However they are costlier. They are used only in office
or public buildings.

TILES
The method of fixing tiles is as simpler to that of flag
stone flooring.
But more care is to be taken here.

MARBLE FLOOR

WOODEN FLOOR

MARBLE FLOOR
Marble is a stone which is as floor covering.
It creates pleasant and rich look.

WOODEN FLOOR
Timber floor is either be suspended type or supported on
ground.
Dampness is the major problem in timber flooring.
But it is sound proof and thermal insulated as it has
cavity in between.
It is aesthetically pleasant.

ASHPHALT FLOOR

MOSAIC FLOOR

ASHPHALT FLOOR
Flooring mastic asphalts are manufactured to achieve

performance characteristics from light domestic use

through to heavy industrial duty and can be a self
finished flooring or an underlay for tiles, carpeting, etc.
A mastic asphalt floor provides a hard wearing, durable
surface which will resist the passage of dampness and
which can be brought into service as soon as it has
cooled to ambient temperature.

MOSAIC FLOOR
Mosaic floor is made of small pieces of tiles of china glazed
or of cement or of marble arrange in different pattern.
These pieces are cut to desired shapes and sizes.

TERRAZZO FLOOR

GRANOLITHIC FINISH.

TERRAZZO FLOOR
It is very decorative and has good necessary
properties.
Due to this it is widely used in residential building.
Also used in hospitals, offices, school and other
public building.

GRANOLITHIC FINISH
In industrial building hard surface is sometimes
required.
It is very hard and tough.
The thickness may be 25 mm.

CORK FLOOR

GLASS FLOOR

CORK FLOOR
Cork is sound insulating material so this type of flooring
is perfectly noiseless.
It is used in libraries, theaters, art galleries ,
broadcasting stations, etc.
Cork is the outer bark of oak tree.
Cork tiles and carpets are available in various sizes and
colour.

GLASS FLOOR
It is available in the form of tile.
The thickness of the tile is 12 mm to 30 mm.
These are fixed in frames so that glass and the frames
sustain load.
It is very costly.
Framing is done before the fixing of glass tile.

LINOLEUM FLOOR

P.V.C. FLOOR

LINOLEUM FLOORING
It is covering which is available in rolls.
It is directly spread on the flooring.
The sheets are either plain or printed and available in
2mm to 6mm thicknesses.
Linoleum tile also available which can be fixed or glued
to the flooring.

P.V.C. FLOOR
It is made of plastic material called poly vinyl chloride
(P.V.C.)
It is available in different sizes and colors.
It also available in the form of tiles.

CLADDING

What is cladding?
Wall cladding is a type of decorative covering used
on building exteriors.
Though usually non-structural in nature, it may be
functional in addition to decorative.
This can include a degree of water-proofing, a
barrier against the wind, or other protections.
Cladding can take a number of different forms, be
made from many different materials, and is often
used to create a decorative building facade.
Some of the popular materials for cladding include
various metals, stone, and composite sidings.

MATERIALS USED FOR CLADDINGSTEEL.

STONE.
ALLUMINIUM.
TIMBER.
TILES.
BRICKS.

TIMBER CLADDING

ALLUMINIUM
CLADDING

STONE CLADDING

TILE
CLADDING

STEEL CLADDING

BRICK CLADDING