BSA Antenna Theory

Antenna Theory
Basic Principles for Daily Applications
DECIBEL Base Station Antennas
November 2003
Dipole
F0 (MHz)
30
F0
(Meters) (Inches)
10.0
393.6
80
3.75
147.6
160
1.87
73.8
280
1.07
42.2
460
0.65
25.7
800
0.38
14.8
960
0.31
12.3
1700
0.18
6.95
2000
0.15
5.90
3D View Antenna Pattern
Source: COMSEARCH
Understanding the Mysterious DB

dBd Signal strength relative to a dipole in empty space
dBi Signal strength relative to an isotropic radiator
dB
Difference between two signal strengths
dBm Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt

1 mWatt = 0 dBm
1 Watt
= 30 dBm
20 Watts = 43 dBm
Note: The
Logarithmic Scale
10x log10 (Power Ratio)
dBc Signal strength relative to a signal of known
strength, in this case: the carrier signal
Example: -100 dBc = 100 dB below carrier signal
If carrier is 100 Watt = 50 dBm
-100 dBc = -50 dBm or 0.00001 mWatt
Effect of VSWR
Good VSWR is only one component of an efficient antenna.
VSWR
Return
Loss (dB)
Transmission
Loss (dB)
Power
Reflected (%)
Power
Trans. (%)
0.0
100.0
1.00
0.00
1.10
0.01
0.2
99.8
1.20
0.04
0.8
99.2
1.30
0.08
1.7
98.3
1.40
0.12
2.8
97.2
1.50
0.18
4.0
96.0
2.00
0.51
11.1
88.9
Shaping Antenna Patterns

Vertical arrangement of properly phased
dipoles allows control of radiation patterns
at the horizon as well as above and below
the horizon. The more dipoles are stacked
vertically, the flatter the vertical pattern is
and the higher the antenna coverage or
gain in the general direction of the
horizon.
Shaping Antenna Patterns (cont . . .)

Aperture
of Dipoles
Vertical
Pattern
Horizontal
Pattern
Single Dipole
Stacking 4 dipoles
vertically in line changes
the pattern shape
(squashes the doughnut)
and increases the gain
over single dipole.
The peak of the horizontal
or vertical pattern
measures the gain.
The little lobes, illustrated
in the lower section, are
secondary minor lobes.
4 Dipoles
Vertically Stacked
GENERAL STACKING RULE:

Collinear elements (in-line vertically).
Optimum spacing (for non-electrical tilt) is approximately 0.9.
Doubling the number of elements increases gain by 3 dB, and reduces
vertical beamwidth by half.
Gain
What is it?
Antenna gain is a comparison of the power/field characteristics of a
device under test (DUT) to a specified gain standard.
Why is it useful?
Gain can be associated with coverage distance and/or obstacle
penetration (buildings, foliage, etc).
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna range testing. The
reference gain standard must always be specified.
What is Andrew standard?

Andrew conforms to the industry standard of +/-1 dB accuracy.
Gain References (dBd and dBi)
An isotropic antenna is
a single point in space
radiating in a perfect
sphere (not physically
possible)
Isotropic Pattern
Dipole Pattern
Isotropic (dBi)
Dipole (dBd)
Gain
A dipole antenna is one

radiating element
(physically possible)
3 (dBd) = 5.15 (dBi)
A gain antenna is two or

more radiating elements
phased together
0 (dBd) = 2.15 (dBi)
Theoretical Gain of Antennas (dBd)
# of Radiators
vertically spaced (0.9)
3 dB Horizontal Aperture
Typical Length
(Influenced by Grounded Back Plate) of Antenna (ft.)
800/900DCS 1800Vertical
1900
Beamwidth
360180120 105 90 60 45 33 MHzPCS

1
11
3
4
6
1'
0.5'
60
12 13.6
2'
1'
30
4.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 12.5 13.5 15.1
3'
1.5'
20
15 16.6
4'
2'
15
7.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 18.1
6'
3'
10
8'
4'
8
9
7.5
12
10
13
11
14
12
15
14
17
10.5
18 19.6
Could be horizontal radiator pairs for

narrow horizontal apertures.
10
Principles of Antenna Gain

Omni Antenna
Side View
Directional Antennas
Top View
-3 dB
0 dBd
60
0 dBd
-3 dB
+3 dBd
+3 dBd
30
180
-3 dB
-3 dB
+6 dBd
+6 dBd
15
90
-3 dB
-3 dB
+9 dBd
7.5
-3 dB
+9 dBd
45
-3 dB
11
Gain vs. Length

25
Gain (dBi)
20
15
10
G = log ( 2.2 L W )
10
11
12
13
14
Antenna Length (wavelengths)

65 Az BW
90 Az BW
12
120 Az BW
15
Gain vs. Beamwidths

25
Gain (dBi)
20
15
10
G = log ( Az29000
)
EI
BW
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
BW
26
28
Elevation Half Power Beamwidth (deg)

65 Az BW
90 Az BW
13
120 Az BW
30
Antenna Gain
Gain (dBi) = Directivity (dBi) Losses (dB)
Losses:
Measure Using Gain by Comparison
Conductor
Dielectric
Impedance
Polarization
14
Various Radiator Designs

Elements
Dipole
1800/1900/UMTS
Directed Dipole
Patch
800/900 MHz
Directed Dipole
15
Diversity (XPol)
Directed Dipole
MAR
Microstrip Annular Ring
Dipoles
Single Dipole
Crossed Dipole
16
Feed Harness Construction
ASP705
DB809
DB589
(And Most Sector Arrays)
Series Feed
Center Feed
(Hybrid)
17
Corporate
Feed
Feed Harness Construction (cont . . .)

Center Feed
(Hybrid)
Series Feed
Advantages:
Minimal feed losses

Simple feed system
Frequency
independent main
lobe direction
Reasonably
simple feed
system
Disadvantages:
BEAMTILT
+2
Not as versatile as
+1
0
+1
+2
ASP-705
450
455
460
465
470 MHz
corporate (less
bandwidth, less
beam shaping)
18
Corporate Feed
Frequency
independent main
beam direction
More beam
shaping ability,
side lobe
suppression
Complex feed
system
Feed Networks
Cable
Microstripline, Corporate Feeds
Dielectric Substrate
Air Substrate
TOX
T-Line Feed and Radiator
19
Microstrip Feed Lines
Dielectric Substrate
uses printed circuit technology
power limitations
dielectric substrate causes loss (~1.0 dB/m at 2 GHz)
Air Substrate
metal strip spaced above a groundplane
minimal solder or welded joints
laser cut or punched
air substrate cause minimal loss (~0.1 dB/m at 2 GHz)
20
Air Microstrip Network
21
Dielectric Substrate Microstrip

Elements
Feedline
22
Stacking Dipoles
8 Dipoles
1 Dipole
4 Dipoles
2 Dipoles
23
DB812 Omni Antenna

Vertical Pattern
24
932DG65T2E-M
Pattern Simulation
25
Main Lobe
What is it?
The main lobe is the radiation pattern
lobe that contains the majority portion of
radiated energy.
35 Total
Main Lobe
Why is it useful?
Shaping of the pattern allows the
contained coverage necessary for
interference-limited system designs.
How is it measured?
The main lobe is characterized using a
number of the measurements which will
follow.

Andrew conforms to the industry standard.
26
Half-Power Beamwidth
Horizontal and Vertical
What is it?
1/2 Power
Beamwidth
The angular span between the half-power

(-3 dB) points measured on the cut of the
antennas main lobe radiation pattern.
Why is it useful?
It allows system designers to
choose the optimum characteristics
for coverage vs. interference
requirements.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from
antenna range testing.

27
Front-To-Back Ratio
What is it?
The ratio in dB of the maximum directivity
of an antenna to its directivity in a
specified rearward direction.
Why is it useful?
It characterizes unwanted
interference on the backside of the
main lobe. The larger the number,
the better!
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from
antenna range testing.
F/B Ratio
0 dB - 25 dB = 25 dB
Each data sheet shows specific performance. In general, traditional

dipole and patch elements will yield 23-28 dB while the log style
elements will yield 35-40 dB.
28
Sidelobe Level
What is it?
Sidelobe level is a measure of a
particular sidelobe or angular
group of sidelobes with
Sidelobe Level
respect to the main lobe.
(-20 dB)
Why is it useful?
Sidelobe level or pattern
shaping allows the minor lobe
energy to be tailored to the
antennas intended use. See
Null Fill and Upper Sidelobe
Suppression.
How is it measured?
It is always measured with respect to the
main lobe in dB.

29
Null Filling
What is it?
Null Filling is an array optimization technique
that reduces the null between the
lower lobes in the elevation plane.
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical beamwidth (less than 12), null filling
significantly improves signal intensity in
all coverage targets below the horizon.
How is it measured?
Null fill is easiest explained as the
relative dB difference between the peak
of the main beam and the depth of the
1st lower null.

Most of Decibel arrays will have null fill of 20-30 dB
without optimization. To earn the label MaxFill, we expect no less than
15 and typically 10-12 dB!
30
Null Fill
Important for antennas with narrow elevation beamwidths.
Received Level (dBm)
Null Filled to 16 dB Below Peak

0
Transmit Power = 1 W
-20
Base Station Antenna Height = 40 m
-40
Base Station Antenna Gain = 16 dBd
-60
Elevation Beamwidth = 6.5
-80
-100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Distance (km)
31
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Upper Sidelobe Suppression

What is it?
Upper sidelobe suppression (USLS) is an array
optimization technique that reduces the
undesirable sidelobes above the main lobe.
Why is it useful?
For arrays with a narrow vertical
beamwidth (less than 12), USLS can
significantly reduce interference due to
multi-path or when the antenna is
mechanically downtilted.
How is it measured?
USLS is the relative dB difference
between the peak of the main beam
peak of the first upper sidelobe.

Most of Andrews arrays will have USLS of >15 dB without optimization.
The goal of all new designs is to suppress the first upper sidelobe to
unity gain or lower.
32
Orthogonality
What is it?
The ability of an antenna to discriminate
between two waves whose polarization
difference is 90 degrees.
Why is it useful?
Orthogonal arrays within a single
antenna allow for polarization diversity.
(As opposed to spacial diversity.)
How is it measured?
The difference between the co-polar
pattern and the cross-polar pattern,
usually measured in the boresite (the
direction of the main signal).

33
XPol = 20 log ( tan ())

= 0, XPol = - dB
= 5, XPol = -21 dB
=10, XPol = -15 dB
=15, XPol = -11 dB
=20, XPol = -9 dB
=30, XPol = -5 dB
=40, XPol =-1.5 dB
Cross-Pol Ratio (CPR)

What is it?
120
CPR is a comparison of the co-pol vs. cross-pol

pattern performance of a dual-polarized antenna
generally over the sector of interest
(alternatively over the 3 dB beamwidth).
TYPICAL
Why is it useful?
It is a measure of the ability of a cross-pol array
to distinguish between orthogonal waves. The
better the CPR, the better the performance of
polarization diversity.
Co-Polarization
Cross-Polarization
(Source @ 90)
120
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected from antenna
range testing and compares the two plots in dB
over the specified angular range.
LOG
For traditional dipoles, the minimum is 10 dB;

however, for the log-style elements, it
increases to 15 dB minimum.
34
Horizontal Beam Tracking

What is it?
It refers to the beam tracking between the two
beams of a +/-45 polarization diversity antenna
over a specified angular range.
Why is it useful?
-45
For optimum diversity
Array
performance, the beams should
track as closely as possible.
+45
Array
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected
from antenna range testing and
compares the two plots in dB over
the specified angular range.

The Andrew beam tracking standard is +/-1 dB
over the 3 dB horizontal beamwidth.
120
35
Beam Squint
Horizontal
Boresite
What is it?
The amount of pointing error of a given beam
referenced to mechanical boresite.
-3 dB
Why is it useful?
The beam squint can affect the sector
coverage if it is not at mechanical
boresite. It can also affect the
performance of the polarization
diversity style antennas if the two
arrays do not have similar patterns.
How is it measured?
It is measured using data collected
from antenna range testing.

For the horizontal beam, squint shall b less than 10% of the 3 dB
beamwidth. For the vertical beam, squint shall be less than 15%
of the 3 dB beamwidth or 1 degree, whichever is greatest.
36
/2
Squint
+3 dB
Sector Power Ratio (SPR)

What is it?
120
SPR is a ratio expressed in percentage of the

power outside the desired sector to the power
inside the desired sector created by an
antennas pattern.
Why is it useful?
It is a percentage that allows comparison
of various antennas. The better the SPR,
the better the interference performance of
the system.
How is it measured?
It is mathematically derived from the
measured range data.
DESIRED
UNDESIRED
What is Decibel Products standard?
300
Andrew log-style antennas have SPRs

typically less that 2 percent.
60
SPR (%) =
X 100
60
300
Undesired
37
Desired
Antenna - Based System Improvements

Key antenna parameters to examine closely
DB950
F
85
G
Standard 85 Panel Antenna

-7dB
Roll off
at -/+ 60
-6dB
74
-10 dB
points
83
74
-16dB
-35dB
120
Cone of Great Silence with
>40dB Front-to-Back Ratio
Horizontal
Ant/Ant
Isolation
Next Sector
Ant/Ant
Isolation
Cone
of Silence
38
83
-12dB
-18dB
60
Area of Poor Silence with
>27dB Front-to-Back Ratio
The Impact:
Lower Co-Channel Interference/Better Capacity & Quality
Traditional Flat Panels
In a three sector site, traditional

antennas produce a high degree of
imperfect power control or sector
overlap.
Imperfect sectorization presents
opportunities for:
Increased softer hand-offs

Interfering signals
Dropped calls
Reduced capacity
65
90
DECIBEL Log Periodics

The rapid roll-off of the lower lobes of
the DECIBEL log periodic antennas
create larger, better defined cones
of silence behind the array.
Much smaller softer hand-off area

Dramatic call quality improvement
5% - 10 % capacity enhancement
65
39
90
120 Sector Overlay Issues

On the Capacity and Outage Probability of a CDMA Heirarchial Mobile
System with Perfect/Imperfect Power Control and Sectorization
By: Jie ZHOU et, al IEICE TRANS FUNDAMENTALS, VOL.E82-A, NO.7 JULY 1999
. . . From the numerical results, the user capacities are dramatically decreased as the
imperfect power control increases and the overlap between the sectors (imperfect
sectorization) increases . . .
Percentage of
capacity loss
Effect of Soft and Softer Handoffs

on CDMA System Capacity
By: Chin-Chun Lee et, al IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR
TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 47, NO. 3,
AUGUST 1998
overlapping angle in degree
Qualitatively, excessive overlay also

reduces capacity of TDMA and GSM
systems.
40
System Issues
Choosing sector antennas
Downtilt electrical vs. mechanical
RET optimization
Passive intermodulation (PIM)
Return loss through coax
Pattern distortion
Antenna isolation
41
Choosing Sector Antennas

For 3 sector cell sites, what performance differences
can be expected from the use of antennas with different
horizontal apertures?
Criteria:
Area of service indifference between adjacent sectors

(ping-pong area).
For comparison, use 6 dB differentials.
Antenna gain and overall sector coverage.
42
3 x 120 Antennas
57
3 dB
120
Horizontal
Overlay
Pattern
Examples:
DB874H120
DB876H120
DB878H120
DB978H120
DB980H120
DB982H120
43
3 x 90 Antennas
90
Horizontal
Overlay
Pattern
43
Examples:
DB842H90
DB844H90
DB848H90
DB864H90
DB866H90
5 dB
44
DB948H90
DB978H90
DB980H90
DB982H90
3 x 65 Antennas
24
65
Horizontal
Overlay
Pattern
Examples:
6 dB
45
DB834H70
DB842H65
DB844H65
DB848H65
DB884H60
DB886H60
DB894H65
DB896H65
DB898H65
DB930DD65
DB932DD65
DB948H65
DB978H65
DB980H65
DB982H65
Beam Downtilt
In urban areas, service and frequency utilization are
frequently improved by directing maximum radiation power
at an area below the horizon.
This Technique:
Improves coverage of open areas close

to the base station.
Allows more effective penetration of

nearby buildings, particular high-traffic
lower levels and garages.
Permits the use of adjacent frequencies

in the same general region.
46
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt
Mechanical downtilt lowers main beam, raises back lobe.
Electrical downtilt lowers main beam and lowers back lobe.
A combination of equal electrical and mechanical downtilts

lowers main beam and brings back lobe onto the horizon!
47
Electrical/Mechanical Downtilt
Mechanical
Electrical
48
DB5083
Downtilt Mounting Kit
DB5083 Downtilt Mounting
Kit is constructed of heavyduty, galvanized steel,
designed for pipe mounting
12" to 20" wide panel
antennas.
49
Mechanical Downtilt
Mechanical Tilt Causes:
Beam Peak to Tilt Below Horizon
Back Lobe to Tilt Above Horizon
At 90 No Tilt
Pattern Analogy: Rotating a Disk

50
Mechanical Downtilt Coverage

110
100
90
80
110
70
120
60
130
100
90
80
70
120
130
50
140
60
140
40
150
50
40
150
30
160
30
160
20
20
170
10
170
10
180
180
190
350
190
350
200
200
340
210
210
330
220
260
270
280
310
240
300
250
320
230
310
240
330
220
320
230
340
300
250
290
Elevation Pattern
260
270
290
Azimuth Pattern
Mechanical Tilt 0 4 6 8 10
280
51
DB834H85RF-F
0 Mechanical Downtilt
85
52
DB834H85RF-F
93
53
DB834H85RF-F
123
54
DB834H85RF-F
Horizontal
3 dB Bandwidth
Undefined
55
Managing Beam Tilt

For the radiation pattern to show maximum gain in the direction
of the horizon, each stacked dipole must be fed from the signal
source in phase. Feeding vertically arranged dipoles out of
phase will generate patterns that look up or look down.
The degree of beam tilt is a function of the phase shift of one
dipole relative to the adjacent dipole.
GENERATING BEAM TILT

Dipoles Fed In Phase
Dipoles Fed Out of Phase
Energy
Exciter
Phase
Exciter
56
Wav
e
Fron
t
in
Electrical Downtilt
Electrical Tilt Causes:
Beam Peak to Tilt Below Horizon

Back Lobe to Tilt Below Horizon
At 90 to Tilt Below Horizon
All the Pattern Tilts
Cone of the Beam Peak Pattern
Pattern Analogy: Forming a Cone Out of a Disk

57
Electrical Downtilt Coverage

110
100
90
80
110
70
120
60
130
100
90
80
70
120
140
60
130
50
140
40
150
40
150
30
160
50
30
160
20
20
170
10
170
10
180
180
190
350
190
350
200
200
340
210
210
330
220
260
270
280
Elevation Pattern
300
250
290
Electrical Tilt
310
240
300
250
320
230
310
240
330
220
320
230
340
260
270
280
290
Azimuth Pattern
0 4 6 8 10
58
Mechanical vs. Electrical Downtilt
59
Vari-Tilt
With Variable Electrical Beamwidth (VEB),
you can adjust anywhere in 30 seconds.
60
ASPD 977
3 Electrical Downtilt
61
ASPD 977
8 Electrical Downtilt
62
ASPD 977
Overlay Electrical Downtilt
3
6
8
63
Remote Electrical Downtilt (RET)

Optimization
ATM
ANMS
ATS100 Series
Future
ATS200 Series
64
Intermod Interference
Where?
F1
Tx
F1
F3
Rx
F3
F2
Tx
F1
F2
RECEIVER-PRODUCED
TRANSMITTER-PRODUCED
Tx
F2
Tx
F2
F1
F2
F3
Tx1
Tx2
Rx
F3
C
O
M
B
Tx1
DUP
F3
F2
Rx
F3
ELSEWHERE
Rx3
Tx2
RF PATH-PRODUCED
65
PCS A-Band
Product Frequencies, Two-Signal IM
FIM = nF1 mF2
Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz
Product
Order
Second
Third
2F1 + 1F2
*2F1 1F2
5820
1960
Third
2F2 + 1F1
*2F2 1F1
5805
1915
Fourth
2F1 + 2F2
2F1 2F2
7750
30
Fifth
3F1 + 2F2
*3F1 2F2
9695
1975
Fifth
3F2 + 2F1
*Odd-order difference products fall
in-band.
*3F
2 2F1
9680
1900
Product
Formulae
1F1 + 1F2
1F1 1F2
3875
15
66
Product
Frequencies (MHz)
Two-Signal IM
Odd-Order Difference Products
Example: F1 = 1945 MHz; F2 = 1930 MHz
F = F1 - F2 = 15
2F2 F1
F2
F1
1930
1945
1915
3F2 2F1
1900
2F1 F2
1960
F
F
F2 F
F1 + F
2F
2F
F2 2F
5th
1975
F1 + 2F
3rd
Third Order:
Fifth Order:
Seventh Order::
3F1 2F2
F2
F1
3rd
F1 + F; F2 - F
F1 + 2F; F2 - 2F
F1 + 3F; F2 - 3F
Higher than the highest lower than the lowest none in-between
67
5th
PCS Duplexed IM
Own Rx Any Rx
Rx
Band
Band
Frequency IM Order IM Order
Band
Tx
Frequency
1930-1945
1850-1865
11th
5th
=6*Tx(low)-5*Tx(high)=1855
1950-1965
1870-1885
11th
7th
=6*Tx(low)-5*Tx(high)=1875 =4*Tx(low)-3*Tx(high)=1905
1975-1990
1895-1910
11th
11th
=6*Tx(low)-5*Tx(high)=1900 =6*Tx(low)-5*Tx(high)=1900
68
IM Equations
Own Rx Band
Any Rx Band
=3*Tx(low)-2*Tx(high)=1900
A Band IM
11th
1855
9th
1870
7th
1885
5th
1900
3rd
1915
1930
Channel Bandwidth
Block
(MHz)
Frequencies
C
30
1895-1910, 1975-1990
C1
15
1902.5-1910, 1982.5-1990
C2
15
1895-1902-5, 1975-1982.5
C3
10
1895-1900, 1975-1980
C4
10
1900-1905, 1980-1985
C5
10
1905-1910, 1985-1990
69
1945
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C Block
licenses (Originally 30 MHz each) were
split into multiplelicenses (C-1 and C-2:
15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10MHz).
A and F Band IM
3rd
1895
1935
Channel Bandwidth
Block
(MHz)
Frequencies
C
30
1895-1910, 1975-1990
C1
15
1902.5-1910, 1982.5-1990
C2
15
1895-1902-5, 1975-1982.5
C3
10
1895-1900, 1975-1980
C4
10
1900-1905, 1980-1985
C5
10
1905-1910, 1985-1990
70
1975
FCC Broadband PCS Band Plan

Note: Some of the original C Block
licenses (Originally 30 MHz each) were
split into multiplelicenses (C-1 and C-2:
15 MHz; C-3, C-4, and C-5: 10MHz).
Causes of IMD
Ferromagnetic materials in the current path:
Steel
Nickel Plating or Underplating
Current Disruption:
Loosely Contacting Surfaces
Non-Conductive Oxide Layers Between Contact

Surfaces
71
System VSWR Calculator
72
Pattern Distortions
Conductive (metallic) obstruction in the path
of transmit and/or receive antennas may
distort antenna radiation patterns in a way
that causes systems coverage problems and
degradation of communications services.
A few basic precautions will prevent pattern
distortions.
73
105 Horizontal Pattern

No Obstacle
0
330
+15
105
30
+10
880 MHz
+5
300
60
0
-5
-10
270
90
240
120
210
150
180
74
Antenna

Obstruction at -10 dB Point
0
30
330
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
0
240
120
3'
Antenna
210
150
180
75
-10 dB Point
Building
Corner

0
30
330
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
0
-6 dB Point
'
3
240
120
Antenna
210
150
180
76
Building
Corner

0
30
330
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
0
240
120
210
180
150
77
-3 dB Point
'
3
Antenna
Building
Corner
No Obstacle
0
330
+15
30
+10
+5
300
60
880 MHz
-5
-10
270
90
240
120
Antenna
210
150
180
78
0.5 l Diameter Obstacle at 0
0
30
330
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
0
12
240
120
210
150
180
79
Antenna
0
30
330
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
45
240
120
210
150
180
80
Antenna
0
330
30
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
60
240
120
210
150
180
81
Antenna
0
330
30
300
60
270
880 MHz
90
80
240
120
210
150
180
82
Antenna
General Rule
Area that needs to be free of obstructions (> 0.57 WL)
Maximum Gain
> 12 WL
>
3 dB Point
(45)
W
>6
WL
> 3 WL
10 dB Point
(80 - 90)
Antenna
90 horizontal (3 dB) beamwidth
(Example: DB866H90)
83
6 dB Point
(60)
Isolation in dB
Attenuation Provided By Vertical

Separation of Dipole Antennas
Hz
M
00
20
Hz
M
0
85
45
Hz
M
0
16
Hz
M
0
Hz
M
5
Hz
M
40
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)

The values indicated by these curves are approximate because of coupling which exists between the
antenna and transmission line. Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves
will also provide acceptable results for gain type antennas. If values (1) the spacing is measured
between the physical center of the tower antennas and it (2) one antenna is mounted directly above the
other, with no horizontal offset collinear). No correction factor is required for the antenna gains.
84
Attenuation Provided By Horizontal

Separation of Dipole Antennas
0
200
z
MH
Isolation in dB
z
MH
0
5
8
z
MH
450
150
z
MH
Hz
70 M
Hz
50 M z
H
30 M
Antenna Spacing in Feet (Meters)

Curves are based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. The curves will also provide acceptable
results for gain type antennas if (1) the indicated isolation is reduced by the sum of the antenna gains
and (2) the spacing between the gain antennas is at least 50 ft. (15.24 m) (approximately the far
field).
85
Pattern Distortions
a
d
D
d = D * tan a
tan 1 = 0.01745
for 0 a 10 : tan a = a * tan 1
tan a =
Note: tan 10 = 0.1763

10 * 0.01745 = 0.1745
86
Gain Points of a Typical Main Lobe

(Relative to Maximum Gain)
a
a
Vertical
Beam
Width= 2 a
(-3dB point)
-3dB point a below bore sight.

-6dB point 1.35 * a below bore sight.
-10 dB point 1.7 * a below bore sight.
87
Changes In Antenna Performance

In The Presence of:
Non-Conductive Obstructions
DB980H90E-M
FIBERGLASS
PANEL
DIM A
88
Performance of DB980H90 (PCS Antenna)

Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)
Horizontal Aperture
DB980H90E-M
120
110
FIBERGLASS
PANEL
DIM A
100
90
80
1/2
1/4
1-1/2
3/4
70
0
10
11
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

89
12
Performance of DB980H90 (PCS Antenna)

Behind Camouflage (" Fiberglass)
1.6
FIBERGLASS
PANEL
DB980H90E-M
VSWR (Worst Case)
1.7
1.5
DIM A
1.4
1.3
1/4
1.2
0
1/2
1-1/2
10
11
12
Distance of Camouflage (Inches) (Dim. A)

W/Plain Facade
W/Ribbed Facade
90
Without Facade
0
330
30
90
300
60
270
90
-55
-50
-45
-40
240
120
-35
-30
210
-25
-20
0
330
Distance
From
Fiberglass
300
102
60
270
90
-55
-50
-45
-40
240
120
-35
-30
210
150
30
-25
-20
150
180
180
No Fiberglass
3" to Fiberglass
0
330
30
300
68
60
270
90
-50
-45
-40
-35
240
120
-30
-25
210
-20
-15
150
180
1.5" to Fiberglass
91
0
330
30
300
77
330
60
270
Distance
From
Fiberglass
90
-50
-45
-40
-35
240
120
-30
-25
210
-20
-15
150
300
112
60
270
90
-50
-45
-40
-35
240
120
-30
-25
210
-20
-15
150
180
180
4" to Fiberglass
6" to Fiberglass
0
330
30
108
300
60
270
90
-50
-45
-40
-35
240
120
-30
-25
210
-20
-15
150
180
9" to Fiberglass
30
92

BSA Antenna Theory

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BSA Antenna Theory

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Antenna Theory

Basic Principles for Daily Applications

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3D View Antenna Pattern

Understanding the Mysterious DB

Difference between two signal strengths

dBm Absolute signal strength relative to 1 milliwatt

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Shaping Antenna Patterns

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Shaping Antenna Patterns (cont . . .)

GENERAL STACKING RULE:

What is Andrew standard?

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Gain References (dBd and dBi)

A dipole antenna is one

A gain antenna is two or

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0 (dBd) = 2.15 (dBi)

Theoretical Gain of Antennas (dBd)

360180120 105 90 60 45 33 MHzPCS

4.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 12.5 13.5 15.1

7.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 15.5 16.5 18.1

Could be horizontal radiator pairs for

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Principles of Antenna Gain

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Gain vs. Length

Antenna Length (wavelengths)

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Gain vs. Beamwidths

Elevation Half Power Beamwidth (deg)

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Gain (dBi) = Directivity (dBi) Losses (dB)

Measure Using Gain by Comparison

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Various Radiator Designs

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Feed Harness Construction

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Feed Harness Construction (cont . . .)

Minimal feed losses

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Microstripline, Corporate Feeds

T-Line Feed and Radiator

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Microstrip Feed Lines

uses printed circuit technology

dielectric substrate causes loss (~1.0 dB/m at 2 GHz)

metal strip spaced above a groundplane

minimal solder or welded joints

laser cut or punched

air substrate cause minimal loss (~0.1 dB/m at 2 GHz)

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Air Microstrip Network

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Dielectric Substrate Microstrip

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