Hydro Power Plant

Hydro power plant

Layout of nuclear power

plant

 PRINCIPLE

PRODUCTION

Faraday's law of electromagnetic

induction
when an conductor moves in a magnetic field it cuts
magnetic lines force, due to which an emf is induced
in the conductor

METHODS

POWER
HYDRO
PLANT
THERMAL
NUCLEAR

SOURCES
HYDRO POWER
PLANT

WATER

THERMAL POWER PLANT

COAL OR ANY FOSSIL FUEL

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

ATOMIC MATTER

CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES

ISSUES

Available in fixed reserve

Prices
Pollution
Transportation of both fuel and
electricity

AVAILABLE?

HOW IS COAL MADE ???

HOW ARE OIL AND GAS

MADE ???

HMMMM....
If nonrenewable
resources are
resources that cannot
be re-made at a scale
comparable to its
consumption, what are
renewable resources?

ALTERNATIVES

RENEWABLE
ENERGY
SOURCES

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Renewable resources
are natural resources
that
can
be
replenished in a short
period of time

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

SOLAR

WIND

GEOTHERMAL
Energy from
Earths heat.
Why is energy
from the heat
of the Earth
renewable?

BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic
or living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?

TIDAL PLANT
NO DAM
ONLY TURBINE

Why do we use high

voltage to transmit the
power?
To reduce the total cost of power transmission.
Better efficiency.
Due to low current voltage drop will be less so
voltage regulation improves
The possibility of carrying increased power for
a given conductor size in case of long distance
transmission system.
Improvement of power factor under moderate
and heavy load conditions.
Availability of the steady voltages at all loads at
line terminals.
Improvement in the system stability due to the
inertia effect of the synchronous phase modifier.

Why do we use high

voltage to transmit the
power?

The power transmitted through a

resistor is dependent on the current
that is passing through it as well as
the voltage across the conductor.
P = I * V
P = I^2 * R
where, P = Power transmitted (watts, W),
I = Current flowing through the conductor (amps, A),
V = Voltage across the conductor (volts, V),
R = Resistance (Ohms)

Why do we use high

voltage to transmit the
power?
To transmit the same power if the voltage is raised,
there is a corresponding decrease in the current and
the heat produced is decreased by a factor that is
equal to the square of the factor by which the voltage
is raised
In electrical power transmission over long distances
around 7% of energy is wasted as the heat produced
in the cables due to the inherent resistance of the
cables.
It's
due
toeconomicalandefficiencyfactors
theElectrification of railwaysand long distance
transmission are done byExtra high voltages this
decreases the current and the power loss by a
substantially larger extent.

Transmission Line
Parameters

The power transmission line is one of the

major components of an electric power
system. Its major function is to transport
electric energy, with minimal losses, from the
power sources to the load centers, usually
separated by long distances.
The design of a transmission line depends on
four electrical parameters:
1. Series resistance
2. Series inductance
3. Shunt capacitance
4. Shunt conductance

Transmission Line
Parameters
series resistance
relies basically

The
on the
physical composition of the conductor at a
given temperature.
The series inductance and shunt capacitance are
produced by the presence of magnetic and
electric fields around the conductors, and
depend on their geometrical arrangement.
The shunt conductance is due to leakage
currents flowing across insulators and air. As
leakage current is considerably small compared
to nominal current, it is usually neglected, and
therefore, shunt conductance is normally not
considered for the transmission line modeling.

Equivalent Circuit

The
arrangement
of
the
parameters
(equivalent circuit model) representing the line
depends upon the length of the line.
A transmission line is defined as a short-length
line if its length is less than 80 km (50 miles).
In this case, the shut capacitance effect is
negligible and only the resistance and
inductive reactance are considered.
Assuming balanced conditions, the line can be
represented by the equivalent circuit of a
single phase with resistance R, and inductive
reactance XL in series (series impedance)

Equivalent Circuit

Short-length
transmission
lines
use
approximated lumped-parameter models. If the
line is larger than 240 km, the model must
consider parameters uniformly distributed along
the line.
The appropriate series impedance and shunt
capacitance
are
found
by
solving
the
corresponding differential equations, where
voltages and currents are described as a
function of distance and time

Resistance
Where
--- conductor resistivity at a given temperature (V-m)
L --- conductor length (m)
A --- conductor cross-section area (m2 )

where
R2 = resistance at second temperature t2
R1 = resistance at initial temperature t1
T = temperature coefficient for the particular material
(o C)

Spiralling and Bundle Conductor

Effect
The resistance of each wound conductor at any
layer, per unit length, is based on its total length
is

Spiralling and Bundle Conductor Effect

The per layer resistance of parallel
combination of n conductors, with same
diameter per layer is

Current-Carrying Capacity (Ampacity)

Conductor Ampacity at given

temperatures is

The heat generated in a conductor (Joules effect)

is dissipated from its surface area by convection
and radiation given by

Current-Carrying Capacity (Ampacity)

Inductance and Inductive Reactance

A current-carrying conductor produces
concentric magnetic flux lines around the
conductor. If the current varies with the time, the
magnetic flux changes and a voltage is induced.
Therefore, an inductance is present, defined as
the ratio of the magnetic flux linkage and the
current. The magnetic flux produced by the
current in transmission line conductors produces
a total inductance whose magnitude depends on
the line configuration.
To determine the inductance of the line, it is
necessary to calculate, as in any magnetic
circuit with permeability m, the following factors:
1. Magnetic field intensity H
2. Magnetic field density
3. Flux linkage

Inductance and Inductive Reactance

Internal Inductance Due to Internal Magnetic Flux

External Inductance

Inductance of Transposed Three-Phase

Transmission Lines