The System Unit

Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2011 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among
various styles of
system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers,
and mobile devices
Describe the control

unit and arithmetic
logic unit components
of a processor, and
explain the four steps
in a machine cycle
Define a bit and

describe how a series
of bits represents data
Differentiate among
the various types of
memory
See Page 155

for Detailed Objectives
Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Edition Chapter 4
Objectives Overview
Describe the
purpose and types
of expansion slots
and adapter cards
Differentiate
between a port and
a connector, and
explain the
differences among
a USB port and
other ports
Describe the types

of buses in a
computer
Understand how to
clean a system unit
on a computer or
mobile device
See Page 155

for Detailed Objectives

Edition Chapter 4

Edition Chapter 4
The System Unit

The system unit is a case that contains
electronic components of the computer used
to process data
Page 156
Figure 4-1

Edition Chapter 4
The System Unit

The inside of the system unit on a
desktop personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Page 157
Figure 4-2

Edition Chapter 4
The System Unit

The motherboard is the main circuit
board of the system unit
A computer chip contains integrated
circuits
Page 158
Figure 4-3

Edition Chapter 4
Processor
The processor, also called the central
processing unit (CPU), interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic
MultiQuadlogic unit (ALU) Dual-
core
process
or
Page 159
core
process
or

Edition Chapter 4
core
process
or
8
Processor
Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Multi-Core
Processors below Chapter 4
Page 159
Figure 4-4

Edition Chapter 4
Processor
The control unit is the component of
the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the operations in
the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic, comparison, and
other operations
Pages 159 - 160

Edition Chapter 4
10
Processor
For every instruction, a processor
repeats a set of four basic operations,
which comprise a machine cycle
Page 160
Figure 4-5

Edition Chapter 4
11
Processor
The system clock

controls the timing of all
computer operations
The pace of the system clock is
called the clock speed, and is
measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Pages 160 - 161

Edition Chapter 4
12
Data Representation
Most computers are digital
Digital signals are in one of two
states: on or off
Most computers are digital
The binary system uses two unique digits
(0 and 1)
Bits and bytes
Page 162
13
Edition Chapter 4
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents
the 0 or the 1 electronically
by the presence or absence of
an electrical charge
Page 162
Figures 4-6 4-7
Eight bits grouped together

as a unit are called a byte. A
byte represents a single
character in the computer

Edition Chapter 4
14
Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data
Page 162
Figure 4-8

Edition Chapter 4
15
Data Representation
Page 163
Figure 4-9

Edition Chapter 4
16
Memory
Memory consists of electronic
components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of
processing the data
The operating
Data being
system
Storesand
three basic
categoriesprocessed
of items:
Application
and
other system
software
Page 163
programs

Edition Chapter 4
the resulting
information
17
Memory
Each location in memory has an address
Memory size is measured in kilobytes
(KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
Page 164
Figure 4-11

Edition Chapter 4
18
Memory
The system unit contains two types of
memory:
Volatile
memory
Nonvolatile
memory
Loses its contents

when power is
turned off
Does not lose

contents when
power is removed
Example includes
RAM
Examples include
ROM, flash
memory, and CMOS
Pages 164 - 165

Edition Chapter 4
19
Memory
Page 165
Figure 4-12

Edition Chapter 4
20
Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
Static RAM
(SRAM)
Magnetoresisti
ve RAM (MRAM)
then click RAM
below Chapter 4
Page 166

Edition Chapter 4
21
Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory
module and are inserted into memory
slots
Page 166
Figure 4-13

Edition Chapter 4
22
Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a
computer often depends on the types of
software you plan to use
Memory cache speeds the processes
of the computer because it stores
frequently used instructions and data
Pages 166 - 167

Edition Chapter 4
23
Memory

then click ROM
below Chapter 4
Page 167

Edition Chapter 4
24
Memory
Flash memory
can be erased
electronically and
rewritten
CMOS technology
provides high
speeds and
consumes little
power
Pages 167 168

Figure 4-14

Edition Chapter 4
25
Memory
Access time is the amount of time it
takes the processor to read from
memory
Measured in nanoseconds
Page 168
Figures 4-15 4-16

Edition Chapter 4
26
Expansion Slots and Adapter

Cards
An expansion slot is
a socket on the
motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
An adapter card
enhances functions of
a component of the
system unit and/or
provides connections
to peripherals
Sound card and video
card

then click Video Cards
below Chapter 4
Page 169
Figure 4-17

Edition Chapter 4
27
Expansion Slots and Adapter

Cards
Removable flash memory includes:
Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
Pages 169 - 170

Figure 4-19

Edition Chapter 4
28
Ports and Connectors
Pages 170 - 171

Edition Chapter 4
29
Page 170
Figure 4-20

Edition Chapter 4
30

On a notebook computer, the ports are
on the back, front, and/or sides
Pages 170 - 171

Figure 4-21

Edition Chapter 4
31

A USB port can connect up to 127
different peripherals together with a
single connector
You can attach multiple peripherals using a
single USB port with a USB hub

then click USB Ports
below Chapter 4
Pages 171 - 172
Figure 4-22

Edition Chapter 4
32

Other types of ports include:

then click FireWire
below Chapter 4
Pages 172 - 173

Edition Chapter 4
33

A port replicator is
an external device
that provides
connections to
peripherals through
ports built into the
device
A docking station is
an external device
that attaches to a
mobile computer or
device
Page 173
Figure 4-23

Edition Chapter 4
34
Buses
A bus allows the various
devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
Data bus
Address bus
A computer can have

these basic types of
buses:
System bus
Backside bus
Expansion bus
Page 174
Figure 4-24

Edition Chapter 4
35
Bays
A bay is an
opening inside the
system unit in
which you can
install additional
equipment
A drive bay
typically holds disk
drives
Page 175
Figure 4-25

Edition Chapter 4
36
Power Supply
Page 175

Edition Chapter 4
37
Putting It All Together
Page 176
Figure 4-26

Edition Chapter 4
38
Putting It All Together
Page 176
Figure 4-26

Edition Chapter 4
39
Keeping Your Computer

or Mobile Device Clean
Page 177

Edition Chapter 4
40
Video: The Leopard with a

Time Machine
CLICK TO START
Edition Chapter 4
41
Summary
Page 178

Edition Chapter 4
42
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2011 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete

The System Unit

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Discovering Computers

Describe the control

Define a bit and

See Page 155

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Describe the types

See Page 155

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

The System Unit

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

The System Unit

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

The System Unit

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Pages 159 - 160

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

The system clock

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Eight bits grouped together

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Loses its contents

Does not lose

Pages 164 - 165

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Pages 166 - 167

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Pages 167 168

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Expansion Slots and Adapter

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Expansion Slots and Adapter

Pages 169 - 170

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Ports and Connectors

Pages 170 - 171

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Ports and Connectors

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Ports and Connectors

Pages 170 - 171

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Ports and Connectors

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011

Ports and Connectors

Click to view Web Link,

Pages 172 - 173

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2011