Sekdilu Angkatan 39

Senin, 6 Juli 2015

Prof. Bantarto Bandoro
( Banto )
Indonesian Defense University
Mobile: 0818483461

01/12/16

Email: bandoro@cbn.net.id
;
bantartobandoro@gmail.com

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The question for this course

Are international relations undergoing
fundamental and irreversible changes?
Is the international system shifting away from
state-centrism?
How do political ideas influence states behavior ?
Are non-state actors effectively challenging
states?
How states managed their global relations ?
How theories of IR fit into the current context of
international relations ?

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International Relations and

Politics:
Exploration of Political Theory
and Statement
Here we attempt to explore and identify political
theory and statements to the extent it conjures
with the study of international relations
Main references:
1.Andrew Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy,
Idology , Science (1968)
2. Evan Luard, Basic Text in International Relations
(1992)

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Martin Luther King

Gene Sharp

Bertrand Russell

Einsteins

1. Martin Luther King, Jr. says: - leader in American-Africa civil

rights
Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have
guided missiles and misguided men.
2. Gene Sharp says: - political scientist
The abolition of war requires the development of effective
nonviolent alternatives to military struggle
3.Bertrand Russell says: -English philosopher and antiwar activist
But war will only end after a great labour has been performed in
altering mens moral ideals, directing them to the good of all
mankind and not only of the separate nations into which men
happen to have been born.
4. Albert Einstein says: - Theoretical phisicist
Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice,
of law, of order--in short, of government. Einstein
APA KESIMPULAN ANDA SETELAH
MEMBACA KUTIPAN2 DI ATAS
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Exploration of Political Theory and

Statement

Political
ideas

Political
behavior
Prolog

The term political theory has two distinct meanings for

students of politics.
First: it stands out for the history of political ideas (Plato,
Socrates etc) and their influence on political practice its
subject matter is historical texts and the condition which
surrounded the writing
Second: it stands out for a study of political behavior in the
modern world the subject is the actual behavior of men and
institutions . The so called systematic theory describe and
explain contemporary political phenomena

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Political
Theory and
Statement
Power

Rationality

Political theory - an orientation that

thinking of a group or nation

State
characterizes the

To study politics is to study power.

To study philosophy is to study rationality
Power and rationality may be conjoined.
The agency for this conjunction is the state

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Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement
A. On the nature of
man
Thinkers: philosophers,
historians, strategic writers
and politicians

Thomas
1.Thomas Hobbes ( Leviathan ) Hobbes
-Insecurity of humans
-Constant fear of one another
-Seek for self-preservation
-War of all agaisnt all
J.
-No sovereign power to maintain
law and order
Rosseau
2. Jacques Rousseau
-The natural tendency is for the man to flee and not to
fight
- they entered society that they enggage in war: man
only become a soldier after he has become a citizens
- it is not the nature of humans that causes war, but
the nature of society.
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Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement
1.
-

B. On Interests of
Thucydides Peloponesian
States War

War is to promote interests of state

Naked force prevails
The will of the powerful finally matters

Thucydid
es

Kautilya
2. Kautilya Arthasastra
War is an essential and inevitable features of
struggle.
His advice is when to make war and against whom
War must be against weaker rulers or against rulers
weakened by internal disorder
War is seen as a game rulers use every possible
ingenuity to overcome the opponents by any means
APA KESIMPULAN ANDA ?
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Exploration of Political Theory and

Statement
C. The States Right to
Intervene
Edmund
Burke

1.

Edmun Burke

States had the right to take action to suppress the

nuisance

The states of Europe formed a kind of

commonwealth
and sharing similar tradition and
culture. No single states allowed to remain in exile
of that tradition innovation must be prevented
because it amount to a threat.

states had the right

revolutionary regime

to

intervene

against

CONTOHNYA ?
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Exploration of
Political
Theory and Statement

c. The States Right to Intervene -> Cont

2.John Stuart Mill ( On Liberty) J.Stuart Mill
-Defended the right of a state to intervene in affairs of
another to prevent tyrannical or alien government
-The legitimacy of a government and its rights to rule
could be challenged because of its non-presentative
character because it was imposed rather than
willingly accepted
Our conlusion: ada 3 KONKLUSI
1. Burke and Mill were concerned with different kinds
of revolution: idelogical (Burke) and national (Mill). One
supported intervention to overcome revolution (Burkeideological), the other to support it (Mill- national)
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Exploration of Political
Theory and Statement
The States Right to Intervene -> Cont
Conclusion- cont
2.What was at issue in their arguments was the balance
between two rights: (1) the right one state to settle its
internal conflict free from interference from outside on
the basis of its sovereignty; and
3.the right of others to affect the outcome, whether to
protect their own security (as argued by Burke) or to
protect fundamental human rights (as argued by Mill).

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Issues to be
discussed
Class discussion 10 MENIT SAJA
Discuss the folowing issues based on your undersanding of the
statement by the abovementioned thinkers, philosopher. State your
theoretical solution to thequestions below:
1.Is war inevitable ? APAKAH PERANG TIDAK BISA DIHINDARI
ATAU BISA DIHINDARI ?
2.Do you think states have the right to intervene in the domestic
affairs of other states ? MENURUT ANDA APAKAH NEGARA
BERHAK MELAKUKAN INTERVENSI DALAM URUSAN DALAM
NEGERI NEGARA LAIN ?
3.Is there a relation between power and interest ? APAKAH ADA
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEKUATAN DAN KEPETINGAN ?
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Theories
Realism: power struggles among states;
solusinya: balance of power
Institutionalism: self-interested cooperation
among states;
Solusinya : regimes based on shared
interests
Constructivism (idealism, identity perspective):
differences in identities;
solusinya : shared norms
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Who, what, why, and how?

Realism
What is the
organizing
principle?
Who are the
main actors?
What are their
main goals?

What are the

core
capabilities?

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ANARC
HY
STATES

Survival/power
(protect domestic
population)

MILITAR
Y

Institutionalism
INTERDEPEND
ENCE
STATES

Constructivism
NORMS /
IDEAS
STATES/IGOs/
NGOs

Economic gain and

cooperation

Solving global
problems (maximize

(maximize domestic
well-being)

everyones well-being)

TECHNOLOGIC
AND
ECONOMIC

KNOWLEDGE

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LIBERALISM
It stems from the principle of human nature
being GOOD
Instead it is the inadequate social institutions
and misunderstanding of leaders that created
INJUSTICE, AGRESSION and WAR
Being inevitable these vices could be
minimized through multilateral action and
institutional reform
And that is where democracy and market
capitalism become pillars of HUMAN
FREEDOM
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The Roots of Liberalism

Hugo Grotius worked as a jurist in the Dutch

Republic. He is one of the founding father of
international law (where the subjects are
states) based on natural law.
Enlightenment: Humans are rational and they can continuously
improve their conditions by just societies

19th century L: Modernize via scientific and industrial revolutions

to come to a democratic society and free trade
20th century L: collective security, self-determination, no power
politics and prevention of war
This has shaped the LIBERAL thought dwelling on the belief that
cooperation is possible, peace could be achieved through
interdependence, knowledge, democratic values and
international organizations do work.

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Functionalism
The fundamental principle of F is that states and
individuals have basic or functional needs
Fs see economic and social international cooperation as
prerequisites for peace and security, in this context the
special agencies of UN are explained (exp. WB, UNICEF,
etc.)
Promotes a web of activities that would bring to more
interconnectedness and thus, interdependence
Key role of experts
F stands behind the drive of IGOs and not surprisingly
most of them sprung after WWII, both regional and global
F fails to explain why the wars remain? How to separate
technical and political issues?

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REALISM
Individuals seek to maximize their power
and pursue their interests
R centers the action around the state which
acts through balance of power
International Organizations are tools to be used
by states for their own interest, so the tools
cannot transform the actors as R believes
R does not rule out the IR, but has doubt about
the NGOs and MNCs, much less the
independence of IGOs

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Hegemonic Stability
Theory
H is a hybrid of liberal, public goods and
realist theories
Hegemonic states use their power in certain
ways
HS believes that open market is a public good
that needs a strong state to be the
guardian
It is the propagator and hence the driver behind
the free trade and democratic values as
tenets of peece and security
Examples of Great Britain and the US after WWII
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MARXISM
Resulting from an uneven economic development
COLONIALISM
Sought to maximize material
dependence
gain through power control
surplus of
domestic goods

NEOCOLONIALISM
Sought to maximize the
of ex-colonies on the

GG is based on power, process of production and class

relations
For Ms the IGOs are dominated by a group of powerful states
that drive the agenda and have higher gains, WB and IMF
are seen as vices that perpetuate this International System

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Dependency Theory
Unequal trade between developed and
developing states
IGOs and MNCs based in developed nations
help to perpetuate this inequality
The inequalities of power and wealth
should be redistributed via new global order

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Ciri-ciri
strategic
environment
Environment

Tidak statik,
tetapi sangat dinamis

Apa Ciri-ciri
strategic
environment ?

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Ciri-ciri strategic
environment

Memotret
strategic
environment
melalui
Lensa VUCA

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Lingkungan yang
probelamtik dan tidak
stabil. Muncul masalah
baru. Masalah lama
muncul kembali dengan
cara yang berbeda

Ligkungan ditafsirkan
dalam berbagai perspektif
dengan berbagai
kesimpulan yang dapat
membawa pada solusi yang
berbeda. Solusi itu bisa
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COBA ANALISIS
LIGKUNGAN STRATEGIS
EXTERNAL INDONESIA DAN
PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP
PELAKSANAAN KEBIJAKAN
DOWN TO EARTH
DIPLOMACY INDONESIA
5 TAHUN MENDATANG
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
PENDEKATAN VUCA
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HUBUNGAN
INTERNASIONAL dan
GLOBALIZATION

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Views globalization
produce:
1. Security-enhancing effects
or
Globalization :
1.increases theeffects
level of economic
2.
Security-eroding
View 1

View 2

View 3
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interdependence,
2.raises the costs of conflict or war, and
3.therefore leads to more peaceful relations
among states.
Gobalization can generate :
1.Economic rivalry among states . . .
2.Over scarce natural resources, which
again often
3.Threatens to spill over into military
conflict.
Globalization produces both securityenhancing and security-eroding
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effects

Globalization
1. Can reduce security
concerns of states,
2. Promote deeper cooperation, and
therefore
3. Reduce the risk of
armed conflicts
among states.
Memicu
munculnya
masalah
keamanan baru

01/12/16

1. Generates and
aggravates
security problems
and
2. Heightens conflict

Membentuk persepsi
nasional mengenai
ancaman
Perlunya respon
pada level national
dan Regional
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In the abscence of
strategy , there is no
clear definition for the
future, bumping over
crisis and change
Strategy will get you
somewhere
near where you intended to
go
Strategy adalah PENDAKATAN

SISTEMATIK UNTUK MENGATASI BERBAGAI

PERUBAHAN DAN UNTUK MEMASTIKAN
APAKAH SESUATU ITU HARUS BERUBAH
ATAU TETAP
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Top down to the execution of strategy. Begin

what question we must ask
1. What do we want to do policy objectives =>
=> APA YANG INGIN KITA LAKUKAN
2. How do we planto do it strategic execution

=>BAGA IMANA KITA HARUS

MELAKUKAN
ITU
3. What are we up against threats, vulnerability, challenges
=> APA YANG AKAN KITA HADAPI
4. What is availabe to do it economy, military, diplomacy =

=>SUMBER-SUMBER APA YANG

TERSEDIA AGAR
KITA DAPAT
MELAKUKAN
HAL ITU Risks, unforeseen outcomes
5. What are the missmatches
=> APA YANG TIDAK BISA
DIPERKIRAKAN
6. Why do we want to do strategic goals desire
=> APA TUJUAN KITA MELAKUKAN HAL 30
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Thus Strategy

NSP AND
FOREIGN POLICY

An attempt to balance between:

1. Answering todays realities
(current security environment ) and
2. Planning how to address
tomorrow posssibilities (future
security environment)
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National Interests

At highest levels, ends expressed as national

interests a nations wants, needs, concerns
Survival and security
Political and territorial integrity
Economic stability and well being

Interests signal a nations desires and intentions to

other nations

At highest levels

Vital interests

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Vital interests
Nations unwilling to
compromise and are prepared to
resort to WAR in support of vital
interests
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National Security Protections of vital

economic, political
and security
interest of state.
If there is no
protection of these
areas, it produces
losses of which could
threaten the
fundamental values
and vitality of the
state
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Bagian2 dari
sistem saling
mendukung.
Ketegangan/isu,
jika ada, masih
bisa dikelola.
Masalah
keamanan masih
bisa diatasi,
karena
berfungsinya
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Struktur politik,
ekonomi , sosial
dsb masih
berfungsi secara
efektif. Tetapi
ditemukan /
diidentifikasi
tantangan
terhadap efektifitas
dari sistem.

Sistem masih
berfungsi , tetapi
tidak mendukung
pelaksanaan
kebijakan/aturanaturan main.
Akibatnya arah dari
sistem menjadi
tidak jelas. Sistem
tidak siap
menghadapi kejutan
35
yang datangnya

INDONESIA BEYOND 2015

APA PROYEKSI ANDA MENGENAI

KONDISI INTERNAL INDONESIA 1520 TAHUN MENDATANG ?
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KASUS HUBUNGAN
INTERNASIONAL
LAINNYA

MARI KITA BAHAS HUBUNGAN ANTARA

1.SASARAN POLITIK ( POLITICAL
OBJECTIVE )
2.STRATEGI NASIONAL (NATIONAL
STATEGY) DAN
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Political Objectives Military Objectives

Economic objectives

RUSSIA :
CONLFICT
IN UKRAINE

?
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Political Objectives Military Objectives

Economic objectives

INDONESIA
S POROS
MARITIM

?
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RUSSIA :
CONFLICT IN
UKRAINE

INDONESIAS
POROS
MARITIM
Pertanyaan :

1.How well the theories explain RUSSIA and

INDONESIA CASE
2.Detect the political idea (s) behind
Russias and Indonesias behavior
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Semoga sukses
Menempuh
pendidikan di
SEKDILU 39
-2015. Amin YRA
Banto
0818483461
bandoro@cbn.net.id
bantartobandoro@gm
ail.com
01/12/16

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