Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ELECTRICITY
Prepared by: Puan Farizah binti Ariffin
7.1 Electrostatics
ELECTROSTATICS
The study of static electrical charges
Some common phenomena:
- Little crackles when we pull off a supermarket
plastic bag from a roll
- When ones hair is combed with a plastic comb,
tufts of hair will be attracted to various parts of
the comb
- When a piece of transparency is placed on a
piece of paper and rubbed against the underlying
paper, it is difficult to separate the transparency
from the paper.
ELECTROSTATICS
Everything around us
is made up of atoms
An atom is made up
of:
- Electron (negative
charge)
- Proton (positive
charge)
- Neutron (neutral)
ELECTROSTATICS
Static electric charges can be produced
through friction
When materials are rubbed together,
electrons from the atoms of one materials
may be transferred to the other.
An atom that loses electron
- positively charge (+)
An atom that gains/ accept extra electrons
negatively charge (-)
Examples
Examples
is an electric charge
When the clouds rubs each
other,
negative charges build up at
the bottom of the cloud, the top
of the cloud becomes
positively charged.
The Earths surface (ground)
and the buildings are positively
charged.
Lightning will occur when
negative charges move to the
positively charged areas of
nearby cloud or negative
charges jump to positively
charged area on the ground or
buildings.
SPARK PLUG
7.2 Electricity
At the end of this topic, a student is able to;
give examples of sources of electrical energy used in
everyday life,
state what electricity is,
state what voltage is,
state what resistance is,
describe the directions of current and electron flow in an
electric circuit.
7.2 Electricity
7.2 Electricity
Current
Flow of electrons (negative
charges) through a circuit.
The rate of flow of charges
Electric Current
Electric Current
Voltage
Electrical energy that is needed to enable electrons to
flow from one point to another in a conductor.
Voltage is the force that pushes electrons through a
circuit to produce electric current.
Measured by voltmeter, unit: voltan (V)
Resistance
The characteristics of a material that opposes the
flow of electrons.
High resistance; allows small current to pass
through it.
Resistance depends on:
Discovered by George
Simon Ohm in 1827
The current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional
to its voltage
Voltage = Current x Resistance
V = IR
Circuit Symbols
Parallel Circuit
Connect its electrical
components which are apart but
parallel to each other
The current has more than
one path to flow through
The light bulbs glow brighter
than those connected in series
If one light bulb is
disconnected, the other still
glows.
I = I 1 = I2 = I3
V= V1 + V2 + V3
R = R1 + R 2 + R 3
Disadvantages
1. If one bulb fuses, the other
bulbs will not light up
- Incomplete circuit
2. Each bulb does not receive
the full voltage from the
electrical source
3. The current that flows
decreases if more electrical
components are connected
in series.
I = I1 + I 2
V= V1 = V2
Disadvantages
1. Each eIectrical
appliances is controlled
by different switch.
- Not suitable for the uses
of large places
2. Overloading can happen
at the main supply if too
many electrical
appliances are connected
in parallel.
Characteristic
One
Current
I = I1 = I2 = I3
The total voltage is the sum
of the voltages across each
bulb
V= V1 + V2 + V3
The effective resistance is
the sum of the resistances in
all the bulbs
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Voltage
Parallel Circuit
Resistance
7.8 Magnetism
Characteristics of A Magnet
Magnetic Field
Area around the magnet where its magnetic force can be
felt.
The pattern of a magnetic field consists of curved lines of
magnetic force called magnetic field lines
Magnetic field lines represent the field of a magnet
The pattern of the magnetic field around a magnet can
be shown by using iron filings
The direction of the magnetic field can be shown by
using a compass
The Compass
Has a magnetised needle, fixed at its centre of gravity
This enable the compass needle to turn freely on its
spindle, in a horizontal plane
A magnet placed close to a compass causes the needle
to rotate until it is aligned with the magnetic field line that
passes through the compass
Earths magnetic field also causes a compass needle to
rotate
The north pole of the compass needle points towards
Earths magnetic pole that is near the geographic north
pole.
This magnetic pole is actually a magnetic south pole.
7.9 Electromagnetism
At the end of this topic, a student is able to;
relate the current flow through a conductor with
magnetism.
Describe what an electromagnet is.
Electromagnetism
The study of the relationship between electricity
and magnetism
When electric current flows through a conductor,
a magnetic field is produced around the
conductor.
When the current is turned off, the magnetic field
disappears.
Electromagnet
A temporary magnet
A conductor that has similar characteristics with a
magnet when an electric current flows through it
The magnetism of an electromagnet is produced by the
flow of electric current
The electromagnet is usually in the form of coiled wires
(solenoid) that is wound around a soft iron core
Soft iron core: To strength the magnetism of the solenoid
The pattern of magnetic field depends on the shape of
the conductor
The direction of the current determines the direction of
the magnetic field produced