KARAKTERISASI FORMASI

Discovery
Delineation

Exploration
Abandonment

STEP COMPANY

Tertiary
Development
Secondary

Primary

KARAKTERISASI FORMASI
A. SEISMIK
LOG
CORE
B. LUAS
.TEBAL
. VOLUME / ISI

OOIP/OGIP = HxAx (1-Sw)x

Crucial Formation Evaluation Questions

What is the storage capacity ( e and t ) in a Complex
Lithology Environment ?
Are there hydrocarbons,
what types of hydrocarbons and,
how are they distributed?
What is the permeability (deliverability)?
Will the formation produce water free? (what is
irreducible saturation (BVI))

D.Marschall

Reservoir Rocks
Reservoir rocks need two properties to be successful:
Pore spaces able to retain hydrocarbon.
Permeability which allows the fluid to move.

Rock Properties
Rocks are described by three properties:
Porosity - quantity of pore space
Permeability - ability of a formation to flow
Matrix - major constituent of the rock

Definition of Porosity

Porosity Sandstones
The porosity of a sandstone depends on the packing arrangement of its grains.
The system can be examined using spheres.

In a Rhombohedral packing, the pore space accounts

for 26% of the total volume.

With a Cubic packing arrangement, the pore space

fills 47% of the total volume.

In practice, the theoretical value is rarely reached

because:
a) the grains are not perfectly round, and
b) the grains are not of uniform size.

Porosity and Grain Size

A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains
porosity.
Porosity depends on grain packing, not the grain size.

but have the same

QUARZT CEMENT FILL IN POROSITY

Carbonate Porosity
Intergranular porosity is called "primary
porosity".
Porosity created after deposition is called
"secondary porosity".
The latter is in two forms:
Fractures
Vugs.

Carbonate Porosity Types 1

Carbonate porosity is very heterogeneous. It is classified into a number of types:

Interparticle porosity:
Each grain is separated, giving a similar pore
space arrangement as sandstone.
Intergranular porosity:
Pore space is created inside the individual
grains which are interconnected.
Intercrystalline porosity:
Produced by spaces between carbonate crystals.
Mouldic porosity:
Pores created by the dissolution of shells, etc.

Carbonate Porosity Types 2

Fracture porosity:
Pore spacing created by
the cracking of the rock
fabric.
Channel porosity:
Similar to fracture
porosity but larger.

Vuggy porosity:
Created by the dissolution
of fragments, but
unconnected.

Fractures
Fractures are caused when a rigid rock is strained
beyond its elastic limit - it cracks.
The forces causing it to break are in a constant
direction, hence all the fractures are also aligned.
Fractures are an important source of permeability in
lowporosity carbonate reservoirs.

Vugs

Vugs are defined as non-connected pore space.

They do not contribute to the producible fluid total.
Vugs are caused by the dissolution of soluble material such
as shell fragments after the rock has been formed.
They usually have irregular shapes.

Diagenesis

The environment can also

involve subsequent alterations
of the rock such as:
Chemical changes.
Diagenesis is the chemical
alteration of a rock after burial.
An example is the replacement
of some of the calcium atoms in
limestone by magnesium to
form dolomite.
Mechanical changes - fracturing
in a tectonically-active region.

FRACTURED POROSITY

Porosity Frekuensi Distribution

High Porosity

Low Porosity

Average 13 %

Average 7%

St Dev 2%

St Dev 1%

Porosity Population Probability Distribution

MEAN =0
STANDAR
DEVIASI=1

STANDAR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

POROSITAS VERSUS KEDALAMAN

ISOPOROSITY MAP

Rock Properties
Rocks are described by three properties:
Porosity - quantity of pore space
Permeability - ability of a formation to flow
Matrix - major constituent of the rock

Permeability Definition

The rate of flow of a liquid through a formation depends on:

The pressure drop.
The viscosity of the fluid.
The permeability.
The pressure drop is a reservoir property.
The viscosity is a fluid property.
The permeability is a measure of the ease at which a fluid can flow
through a formation.
Relationships exist between permeability and porosity for given
formations, although they are not universal.
A rock must have porosity to have any permeability.
The unit of measurement is the Darcy.
Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in millidarcies, (md).

POROSITAS DAN PERMEABILITAS

Darcy Experiment
The flow of fluid of viscosity through a porous medium was first
investigated in 1856 by Henri Darcy.
He related the flow of water through a unit volume of sand to the
pressure gradient across it.
In the experiment the flow rate can be changed by altering the
parameters as follows:

Darcy Law

K = permeability, in Darcies.
L = length of the section of rock, in centimetres.
Q = flow rate in centimetres / sec.
P1, P2 = pressures in bars.
A = surface area, in cm2.
= viscocity in centipoise.

Permeability and Rocks

In formations with large grains, the permeability is high and the flow rate
larger.

Permeability and Rocks 2

In a rock with small grains the permeability is less and the flow lower.

Grain size has no bearing on porosity, but has a large effect on

permeability.

PERMEABILITAS PADA BATUAN

Relative Permeability

Take a core 100% watersaturated. (A)

Force oil into the core until
irreducible water saturation is
attained (Swirr). (A-> C -> D)
Reverse the process: force
water into the core until the
residual saturation is
attained. (B)
During the process, measure
the relative permeabilities to
water and oil.

Relative Permeability Experiment

FRACTURE PERMEABILITY VS FRACTURE POROSITY

PERMEABILITAS VERSUS PORE THROAT

LITOFACIES PETROPHYSICS

CROSS BEDDED QUARZT RICH

CARBONATE GRAIN STONE

ARGILACEOUS GRAIN STONE

SKELETAL WACKESTONE

PELOIDAL GRAINSTONE

CEMENTED OOID
OOID SKELETAL GRAINSTONE

SKELETAL GRAINSTONE