CELLS AND HOW THEY

WORK

CELL THEORY
1. Every organism is composed of one or more
cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit having the
properties of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

ALL CELLS HAVE THREE THINGS IN

COMMON
1.Cell/Plasma membrane
2.DNA
3.Cytoplasm

TWO KINDS OF CELLS:

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotes nothing separates
the DNA from other internal cell
parts
Eukaryotes cytoplasm has
membrane-bound sacs
(organelles) such as the nucleus
which contains DNA.

MEMBRANES ENCLOSE CELLS AND

ORGANELLES
Lipid bilayer
Made up of phospholipids
Hydrophilic (phosphate)
head out
Hydrophobic (fatty acid) tails
in

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Selectively permeable

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cells.

ORGANELLES
Compartments that
separate reactions and
substances within the
cytoplasm
Each organelle has a
specific function
necessary for the survival
of the cell

NUCLEUS
Master control center
Encloses the DNA
DNA contains instructions for coding proteins (RNA)
Proteins determine the cells structure and function

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

Assemble lipids (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) and produce final forms of

proteins (Rough ER)
Modifies, sorts and ships these molecules to various destinations (Golgi body)

SER no ribosomes
RER with ribosomes
Ribosomes platform for
building
proteins

LYSOSOME AND PEROXISOME

Lysosome specialized for digestion
- contains enzymes that breakdown proteins,

Lysosome contains
active hydrolytic
enzymes

sugars, nucleic acids and lipids

Food vacuole
fuses with
lysosome

Hydrolytic
enzymes digest
food particles

Digestive
enzymes

Peroxisome break down fatty acids and amino acids

Lysosome

Plasma membrane

- produce hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)

then convert it to water (H2O) and
oxygen (O2) or
break down alcohol

Digestion
Food vacuole

(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

MITOCHONDRIA
Produces ATP which is
the energy for cell
activities

CYTOSKELETON
Cells internal framework
Interconnected fibers, thread
and lattice in the cytoplasm
Gives shape, internal
organization and ability to
move

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
ACROSS THE CELL: DIFFUSION
AND OSMOSIS

OSMOSIS

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS

MEMBRANES

-Direct

Diffusion
*No transport protein
*No ATP needed

-Passive

Transport
(Facilitated Diffusion)
*Transport protein is
used
*No ATP needed

ENDOCYTOSIS AND
EXOCYTOSIS

-transport of large
molecules and
particles across the
membrane through
vesicles

TWO TYPES OF METABOLIC

PATHWAYS
Metabolism chemical reactions in the cell

Anabolism
- Small molecules Larger molecules (Glucose Starch)
- Energy is stored in the chemical bonds (Products are used as food)

Catabolism
- Large molecules Smaller molecules (Starch Glucose)
- Disassemble molecules releasing components for use by cells

ENZYMES
Enzymes are catalysts speed up
chemical reactions but are not
used up so they can be used over
and over
Make reactions occur 100x to
1000000x faster
Each enzyme interacts only with a
specific substrate

END