El nuevo concepto de puerto en la

era intermodal. Global Maritime

Dimensions of Transport
Geography
Environment
in
ee
ri
n
g

Technology

Economics

C M
om a
p th
u em
te
r at
sc ic
ie s
n
ce

En
g

SPACE

P
la
P nn
ol i
ic ng
y

D So
em c
i
og olo
ra g y
p
h
y

History

Base naval cartaginesa, 250 a.C.

The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes

(8th to 14th Centuries)
MONG OLIA
Constantino ple

Jerusalem

Ctesiphon

Beijing

Dunhuang

Kashgar
Samarkand

Merv

B Y Z A N T I U M Antioch

Alexandria

Tashkent

Bukhara

Karakorum

Hotan

Lanzhou

Changan

Kabul

PERS IA

Kandahar

CHI NA

Lhasa

Memphis
Mat hura

Ormuz

EGY PT
Berenice

Muscat

Pascima Barbara

ARA BI A

Aden

Suzhou

Bharukaccha

Canton

Tamralipti

IND IA
So u t h
Ch i na
Se a

Bay of
Bengal

Ara bi an S ea
Muziris

Main Silk Road

Connector to the Silk Road
Other Major Trade Route
Mogadishu

SOMALIA
Mombasa

Connector to Major Trade Route

Sea Route

Indian Ocean

Melaka

S R I V I J AYA

Spice Islands

Grand Canal
System
Beijing

Tonghui Canal
(Yuan)

Yellow Sea

Yongji Canal
(Sui and Yuan)

Old course of
the Yellow River
(Song)

Jiao-Lai Canal
(Yuan)

Jizhou Canal
(Yuan)

Yongji Canal
(Sui)

Tongji Canal (Sui)

LuoyangKaifeng
Bian Canal
(Song)

Jizhou

East China
Sea
Huaiyin
Chuzhou
Yangzhou Canal
(Song and Yuan)

Yangzhou

Jiangnan Canal
Suzhou
(Sui, Song and Yuan)
400 km

Hangzhou

The Eastern and Western Maritime Routes to

Asia
The fall of the Bizantium Empire
closed the land route to Asia
Constantinople (1453)

PortugalSpain

Portugal was able to trade with India

without Arab middle men (most of the
Arab fleet was sunk by 1515)

China

Nagasaki (1543) Japan

Portuguese explorers
reached Canton in China

Hormuz (1515)

India

Trade was established

with Japan from Macau

Canton (1513)
Macau founded in 1557

Pacific Ocean

Manila (1565)

From 1419 to 1487,

Portuguese ships explore
the west coast of Africa

Calicut (1498)

Vasco de Gama rounded the

Cape of Good Hope and
reached India (1497-1499)

Atlantic Ocean
Magellan reached the Pacific
Ocean by rounding the southern
tip of South America (1520)

The Cape of Good Hope at the

southernmost end of Africa is
Cape of Good Hope (1488) reached, involving the possibility
to reach Asia by a maritime route
Note: Paths are approximate and simplified

Malacca (1511)

Between 1565 and 1571 Spain

conquered the Philippines and
established their colonial capital
at Manila

Malacca, the most important

commercial center in Southeast
Asia, fell to the Portuguese
Timor (1515)

Indian Ocean

Colon Container
Terminal

Panama Coln Container Port (PCCP)

Puerto de
Balboa

Evergreen Round-the-World Route,

Westbound

New York
Norfolk
Charleston
Los Angeles

Pusan Tokyo
Hong Kong
Laem Chabang

Colon

Columbo
Thamesport

Hamburg
Rotterdam
Zeebrugge
Le Havre

Osaka
Hakata
Kaohsiung

Three Major Pendulum Routes Serviced by

OOCL, 2006

Oakland
Los Angeles

New York
Norfolk
Charleston

Hamburg
Le Havre
Rotterdam
Southampton
FosGenoa
Barcelona

Tokyo

27 Days

Ningbo Shanghai
Kaohsiung
Hong Kong
Laem Chabang

49 Days

Atlantic Express (ATX)

European Union / Medit erranean (EUM)
Note: Paths are approximate

South China Express (SCX)

Singapore
Port Kelang

39 Days

PUERTO A PUERTO
TRANSITOS
RAPIDOS
Y
FLETES BAJOS

PUERTA A PUERTA

Nuevos retos en el
diseo de
terminales
portuarias???

OOCL ATLANTA 8,063

TEUs

3,200 cubic metre coastal LPG carrier

with pressurised cylindrical tanks.
16,650 cubic metre LPG
carrier with semi
pressurised tanks.

Comparison between a Contemporary

and Second World War Tanker

Modern VLCC (305 m)

T2 Tanker (153 m)

1942

1975

LOGSTICA INTEGRAL EL VERDADERO

RETO DE LA OPERACIN PORTUARIA

Seller
Cargo
Terminal

Customs

F
H

Cargo
Terminal
Customs

Purchase
r

DOCUMENTACIN
PAGO DE LOS DIFERENTES FLETES

RESPONSABILIDAD Y SEGUROS

Record de
produccin
y
beneficios!!!

Port Terminals

Port Sites
In a delta

In an estuary

Margin of a delta

Near an estuary

Along a river

Natural harbors

In a bay

Protected

Harbor Types

Coastal Natural

Coastal Breakwater

River Basins

River Tide Gates

Coastal Tide Gates

River Natural

Canal or Lake

Open Roadstead

Harbor Types of the World's Large

and Medium Sized Ports

World Harbor Types and

Sizes
Large

Medium

Small

Very Small

Coastal
Breakwater

39 (29.8%)

105 (33.2%)

281 (23.8%)

388 (13.0%)

Coastal Natural

26 (19.8%)

89 (28.2%)

474 (40.1%)

1529 (51.4%)

Coastal Tide gates

5 (3.8%)

5 (1.6%)

18 (1.5%)

11 (0.4%)

Lake or Canal

3 (2.3%)

6 (1.9%)

26 (2.2%)

32 (1.1%)

18 (13.7%)

17 (5.4%)

97 (8.2%)

450 (15.1%)

7 (5.3%)

20 (6.3%)

23 (1.9%)

27 (0.9%)

25 (19.1%)

59 (18.7%)

248 (21.0%)

518 (17.4%)

7 (5.3%)

14 (4.4%)

12 (1.0%)

14 (0.5%)

131 (100%)

316 (100%)

1181 (100%)

2875 (100%)

Open Roadstead
River Basins
River Natural
River Tide gates
Total

The Evolution of a
Port

Expansion

Setting

1
2

Downtown
Urban expansion

Specialization

Terminal facilities
Port-related activities

Water depth

Rail
Highway

Reconversion

Evolution of the Port of

Rotterdam
Leiden
Development
Phases

Wassenaar
Wassenaar

United Kingdom

Voorschoten

1400 - 1800
1800 - 1900

Netherlands

1920 - 1940
Germany

1946 - 1960

Belgium

France

Den Haag

1960 Zoetermeer

Luxembourg

1970

1970 - 2000
Pijnacker
's-Gravenzande

Delft
Naaldwijk

Capelle aan den IJssel

Maassluis
Vlaardingen

Krimpen aan den IJssel

Schiedam

Rotterdam
Hoogvliet
Barendrecht
Spijkenisse

Hellevoetsluis

Oud-Beijerland

1.5

12
Miles

Major Port
Holdings
Dedicated Maritime Container Terminals

APM Terminals
Dubai Ports World
Hutchison Port Holdings
Port of Singapore Authority
Eurogate
Stevedoring Services of America

Pacific Asia

Europe

Un puerto es un conjunto formado por varios

subconjuntos de obras hidrulicas, obras portuarias,
caminos, ferrocarriles, obras urbanas, edificaciones e
instalaciones para recepcin y manejo de cargas de
diversos tipos, as como las instalaciones de
mantenimiento permanente como el dragado.

2
3

1
1 Drsena
Drsena de
de Ciaboga
Ciaboga
2
2 Drsena
Drsena de
de Maniobras
Maniobras
3
3 Drsena
Drsena de
de Servicios
Servicios
4
4 Muelles
Muelles
5
5 Obras
Obras Exteriores
Exteriores
6
6 rea
rea de
de
Almacenamiento
Almacenamiento

12
7
8

12
11

7
7 rea
rea de
de Descarga
Descarga
8
8 rea
rea de
de transferencia
transferencia
terrestre
terrestre

10

9
9 rea
rea de
de circulacin
circulacin
10
10 rea
rea de
de transferencia
transferencia
fluvial
fluvial
11 Roll on-Roll of

Number of Large and Medium Ports

by Channel Depth

DIQUES PARALELOS A LA COSTA

DIQUES CONVERGENTES

DIQUES PARALELOS ENTRE SI

Dry cement being loaded on trucks on Pier F

Industrial salt on Pier F

Space / Time Convergence of

the World Transport System

1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail

ships: 16 km/hr
1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr.
Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr
1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr
1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr
1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous

Performance Comparison for Selected Freight

Modes
Vehicle

Capacity

Truck Equivalency

Barge

1500 Tons
52,500 Bushels
453,600 Gallons

57.7
(865.4 for 15 barges in tow)

Hopper car

100 Tons
3,500 Bushels
30,240 Gallons

3.8

100 car train unit

Semi-trailer truck

Post-panamax containership

VLCC

747-400F

10,000 Tons
350,000 Bushels
3,024,000 Gallons
26 Tons; 910 Bushels
7,865 Gallons
9,000 for a tanker truck
5,000 TEU

384.6

2,116

300,000 tons
2 million barrels of oil

9,330

124 tons

Roman Road (Appian

Way)

Trans-Alaska
Pipeline

Telegraph Receiver,
1844

Bells First
Telephone

Ford T , 1915

Wright Brothers First

Airplane

Douglas DC-3, 1937

TGV

An Early Steamship, The Great Britain,

1845

Worlds Largest Dry-Bulk Carrier, the Berge

Stalh

Moores Law: Transistors per

Microprocessor, 1971-2002

Nuevo Sistema de Transporte, Panam

2015 (Lnea Circunvalacin Norte
Tocumen Panam Arraijan Chorrera)

logstica

Driving Forces of Containerization and

Multimodal Transport
Containerization
Unitization

Cellular ships

Specialized
terminals

Land
consumption

Standardization

Gantry cranes

Transshipment
productivity

Multi-rate
structure

Management and
coordination

Mergers

Modal integration

Logistics

Control over
cargo

Multimodal
operators

Through rates
and billing

Deregulation

Multimodal Transportation

Time and Cost of Transport Activities Involving

Moving a 40 Foot Container between the
American East Coast and Western Europe

Container Transport
Costs

Las Partes Contratantes

adoptarn todas las
medidas adecuadas para
prevenir, reducir y
controlar la
contaminacin por :

Articulo 5

Articulo 6

Contaminacin

Contaminacin

causada por
Buques

causada por
Vertimientos

Articulo 7
Articulo 10

CONVENIO
DE
CARTAGENA

Zonas
especialmente
protegidas

Adoptado en
1983
Entr en vigor
1986

Articulo 9
Contaminacin

transmitida por la
Atmsfera

Articulo 8
Contaminacin

Resultante de
actividades
relativas a los
fondos marinos

Contaminacin

procedente de
Fuentes
Terrestres

Emisiones NOx
Materia de partculas
Diesel
Rail Locomotives
6% (111tons)
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
10% (188 tons)
Cargo Handling
Equipment
14% (259 tons)

Rail Locomotives
13% (4,533 tons)

Ocean-Going Vessel
36% (12,834 tons)

Heavy-Duty Vehicles
26% (9,264 tons)

Ocean-Going Vessel
59% (1,136 tons)

Harbor Craft
11% (218 tons)

Cargo Handling
Equipment
12% (4,234 tons)

Emisiones SOx
Cargo Handling
Equipment
1% (55tons)
Harbor Craft
6% (520tons)

Heavy-Duty Vehicles
1% (120 tons)

Rail Locomotives
2% (133 tons)

Ocean-Going Vessels
90% (8,019tons)

Harbor Craft
13% (4,603 tons)

Plan de accin
de Aire Libre
Buques cargueros
Locomotoras
Camiones de Carga
Equipo de Muelle
Vehiculos del Puerto

CALLE -"F"

CALLE -"T"

CONTAMINACIN POR RUIDO

CALLE "A"

CURVAS ISOACSTICAS

Convenio Internacional para el Control y Gestin

de Agua de Lastre y Sedimentos de Buques
(BWM 2004)

El Cdigo ESPO de Conducta

Ambiental
Manual de Buenas Prcticas

Desarrollo Portuario
Gestin material Dragado
Contaminacin de suelos
Control del ruido
Gestin de residuos
Calidad del aire y del agua
Monitorizacin e Indicadores
Planes de contingencia
Interfaz buque-puerto
Manipulacin de mercancas
Mercancas peligrosas

port
area

nature /
residential area

hinterland

Recepcin Portuaria de Residuos

Oleosos

tendencias

Ports building up rather than out.

Increased use of automatitation.
Consolidation among ports and
operations.
Increase in services ofered.
Container tracking.
Vessel positioning systems broadcast
service.
Supporting services for container
shipping
provided on the Internet.

Hace 3 millones de aos, del mar

emergi un pas que cambiara al mundo