7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

Presentation Outline
Introduction
Classification of Sound Waves
Identification of Ultrasonic

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

The Theory of
Sound Waves

The dictionary defines

vibration through an elastic
solid, liquid, or a gas.

7 & 9 July 2009

sound as the transmission of

medium which may be a

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

The physical phenomenon of sound waves is an example of oscillating process.

A diagram of Slinky toy Spring to represent individual molecules of a sound
conducting medium.

Compression

Rarefraction

Compression

Rarefraction

Compression

Sound
Source

The compression generated by the

sound source as it moves propagates
down the length of the spring as each
adjacent coil of the spring pushes
against its neighbour

7 & 9 July 2009

At a point in the area of a compression, the pressure

in the medium is positive. At a point in the area of a
rarefaction, the pressure in the medium is negative.

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

Modes of sound waves

7 & 9 July 2009

A is the base sound wave

B with less displacement of the media

(less intense compression and
rarefaction) as the wave front passes,
represents a sound wave of less
amplitude or "loudness."

C represents a sound wave of

higher frequency indicated by more
wave fronts passing a given point
within a given period of time.

i) Mechanical waves
longitudinal and
transverse in nature
and required a medium
ii) Electromagnetic
waves transverse in
nature that move
through vacuum

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

o
o

o
o

Infrasound: f< 20Hz

Audible sound:
20Hz<f<20kHz
10-12Wm-2<I<101Wm-2
Ultrasonic: f> 20kHz
Hypersound: f> 10GHz

The frequency of a sound wave

determines its tone or pitch. Low
frequencies produce low or bass tones.
High frequencies produce high or treble
tones.

Intensity
Energy of vibrating particles x no of particles, nV
Intensity,I= (22m2A2) x (nV)
Or
I= 222A2V, =m/nV
Where,
Density of medium,
Wavelength,
Amplitude,A
Frequency,

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

What is "Ultrasonics?"
"shock" event
or "vibratory"
movement.

science of
sound waves
above the
limits of
human
audibility

7 & 9 July 2009

A Transducer that
converts Electrical
Energy (electric
current) to Mechanical
Energy (sound waves).

High-Frequency
>18 KHz
Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications
FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

How Ultrasonics waves travel?

Elastic media such as air
and most solids

A continuous transition as a sound wave is

transmitted.

In non-elastic media such

as water and most liquids

A continuous transition as long as the

amplitude or "loudness" of the sound is
relatively low.

Increased Amplitude

Increase magnitude of the negative pressure

in Rarefaction Area sufficient to cause the
liquid to fracture known as Cavitation.

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

CAVITATION PROCESS
Cavitation "bubbles" are created at sites of rarefaction
as the liquid fractures or tears because of the negative
pressure of the sound wave in the liquid.
As the wave fronts pass, the cavitation "bubbles"
oscillate under the influence of positive pressure,
eventually growing to an unstable size.
As the wave fronts pass, the cavitation "bubbles"
oscillate under the influence of positive
pressure, eventually growing to an unstable size.

Finally, the violent collapse of the cavitation

"bubbles" results in implosions, which cause
shock waves to be radiated from the sites of the
collapse.

7 & 9 July 2009

The collapse and implosion of myriad cavitation

"bubbles" throughout an ultrasonically activated liquid
result in the effect commonly associated with ultrasonics.

Ultrasonic Equipment

An ultrasonic power supply

or "generator."

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

Ultrasonic Equipment
An Ultrasonic Transducer

Magnetostrictive

7 & 9 July 2009

Piezoelectric
Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications
FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

Magnetostrictive

VS

Piezoelectric

Performance properties NEVER degrade

Performance properties DO degrade

Silver-brazed transducers NEVER

disbond

Epoxied transducers DO disbond

Epoxy bond DAMPENS energy conversion

Metal to metal bond; MORE EFFICIENT

energy conversion

Light weight diaphragms DO wear

through (From Cavitation Erosion)

Heavy duty (316L) diaphragms NEVER

wear through (From Cavitation Erosion)

Lighter mass; Susceptible to load

variations

Heavier mass; NOT susceptible to

variable loads

Not Even Close

The ONLY Lifetime Guarantee in the

industry!

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.

Bench Model

Console cleaning systems

integrate ultrasonic
cleaning tank(s), rinse
tank(s) and a dryer for
batch cleaning.
Systems can be
automated through the
use of a PLC controlled
material handling system.

Console cleaning systems

Heavy Industry such as in Petrochemical Plants

Ultrasonic generators
in climate-controlled
enclosures

7 & 9 July 2009

Training on Ultrasonic : Principle and Applications

FPG Oleochemicals Sdn. Bhd.