Neo Freudian Approach

Carl Jung
Analytical psychology
Psychology of unconscious
Depth psychology
Jung and his school
 The concept of the psychological archetype
(premordial image)
 The concept of collective unconscious
 Theory of synchronicity
Archetype
• a hereditary given, that shapes and
transforms individual conscious
• is defined especially by a tendency rather than
by specific contents or inherited images
• a matrix that influences human behavior both
on the level of ideas and on the moral, ethical
level of conduct in general
• is psychoid that is psychic-type but not
immediately accessible to the mind
Collective unconscious
• a universal library of human patterns of
behavior
• a universal datum, that is every human being is
endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since
his/her birth
• archetypes constitute the structure of the
collective unconscious - they are psychic innate
dispositions to experience and represent basic
human behaviors and situations
• archetypes manifest themselves through
archetypal images (in all the cultures and
religious doctrines), dreams and visions
• Finally the archetype is God in man
Synchronicity
It gave conclusive evidence for Jung concepts of
archetypes and the collective unconscious
Means:-
• the conceptual relationship of minds, is
structured in its own logical way and gives rise
to relationships which have nothing to do with
causal relationships in which a cause precedes
an effect
• temporally coincident occurrences of acausal
events
• 'acausal connecting principle' (i.e., a pattern of
connection that cannot be explained by
conventional, efficient causality) ‘meaningful
coincidence’ or ‘acausal parallelism’
The school
o understanding the psyche through exploring
the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world
religion and philosophy
o emphasizes the importance of balance and
harmony
o emphasizes the importance of process of
individuation
o emphasizes the process of imagination
o the concept of compensation
o the concept of transformation
Individuation
 the process of development of the individual
 a process through which "the patient becomes
what he really is"
 the purpose of Jungian psychotherapy is not for
the patient to become merely "normal" rather, it is
for the patient to become truly unique
 it is a process through which "a man becomes the
definite, unique being he in fact is.”
What is so distinctive, so special about Jungian analysis is
that it emphasizes images. Jungian analysis is a
psychotherapy that exercises and explores the imagination.
Imagination offer us
 vividly precise, profoundly expansive vision of our intimate
relations,
 our material aspirations,
 our artistic creations,
 our spiritual obligations
 it is eloquently informative ,
 radically transformative
 with exquisite exactitude, valuable perspectives on what
life means – on who we have been, who we are, and who we
might become
Compensation
The advice that the unconscious offers to
the patient
‘the attitude of the conscious mind is too
one-sided and too narrow, then the solution,
is "to compensate the one-sidedness and
narrowness of the conscious mind by
deepening its knowledge of the
unconscious.“’
Transformation
The fascinating thing Jung discovered was
that, when looked at through a symbolic,
imaginative, psychological "lens"
unconsciously, the process of transformation
takes place reflected in an internal
developmental process of "wholeness" and
health in the human psyche (which Jung
termed as "individuation").
 Jung Psychotherapy
1)Definition
o a face-to -face psychoanalytic psychotherapy based
on psychodynamic principles
o in sharp contrast to the psychoanalytic model of the
mind restricted to instinct, drive, and defense
o postulated an innate, irreducible, and thus additional
psychic need to apprehend meaning and to express it
symbolically
o the need generates a religious impulse that cannot in
every case be derived from the biological drives
o when ignored or blocked, this need can produce not
only unhappiness, but psychological distress and
eventually overt symptoms
2)Aim
o should guide the patient to a personal confrontation
with the collective unconscious, and with archetypes
o this confrontation aims the assimilation of archetypal
images, in one word the individuation, an extensive
process that leads to the realization of a psychic
totality that includes equally the conscious and the
unconscious
o in common terms, it is all about an extension of the
conscious mind which includes therefore the
archetypal materials.
3)Format
o a face to face process
o “neutrality” of the classical psychoanalyst was
undesirable-because largely illusiory
o a more “personal” form of psychotherapy is
suggested in which the mixing of the patients
problems and biases with those of the therapist
would be accepted as a virtue
o treatment sessions last about an hour and take
place no more than three times weekly, more
typically once or twice
4)Process
his methods of therapy
 Free Associations Test
 Dream Analysis
 Active Imagination
 Symbol Analysis
 Dream interpretation

the Jungian approach to dream interpretation

uses two main techniques:
o association and amplification

techniques in which the patient is taught (by

commentary, not directive) how to make
plausible links between the elements of dreams
and their personal concerns
 Active imagination
o a method of assimilating unconscious contents
(dreams, fantasies, etc.) through some form of
self-expression
o the patient will be guided to converse with the
dream figures in imagination
o the goal is to achieve a state of mind akin to
certain forms of meditation that utilize explicit
visualization
5)Individuation
Successful individuation process offers:
o the encounter with the archetypes greatly expands the
individual’s sense of meaning and purpose in life, and
their flexibility in adaptation
o Potentials previously unrecognized and untapped may
be awakened, and aspects of the personality that had
lain fallow may now be cultivated and incorporated,
yielding greater “wholeness”
o expansion of the personality in dreams and active
imagination by the spontaneous appearance of
symbols of the “self”
Stages of an ideal individuation process :
o Integration of the ‘personal unconscious’, or
‘shadow’ with the unconscious
o The “anima” and “animus”
o The “Great Mother”
o The “Wise old Man”
o The “Self”, an overarching union of all of
these, that is at once the superordinate
representation of God and the foundation of
individual identity
Jung’s influence in psychotherapy
Introducing:
 The concept of introversion vs. extraversion
 The concept of the complex
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI),
psychometric questionnaire,was inspired by
Jung's psychological types theory
 Socionics (personality theory)is also based on
Jung's psychological types
Treatment goals
o the ignition of process in therapy, and at least
some substantial experience of the Self
o With the acquisition of a sense of meaning and
higher purpose in life, symptoms may be
expected either to disappear or, if not, to have
taken on the kind of meaning that allows them
to be accepted as a gift rather than a hindrance
Conclusion
 Jungian therapy is most distinct when aiming
its therapeutics primarily at the development
of a spiritual life
 Its treatment method is no better than for any
other method-or worse
 Jungian therapists do a good job on the whole
 Jungian therapists favour a style of
communication that is comfortable for
individuals