Lighting - Module 2 - Lecture 02

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION
WHAT IS LIGHTING AND

WHY DO WE BOTHER TO
DESIGN LIGHT?
BUILDING UTILITIES 3
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING
LECTURE O1
1
HOW DO WE SEE?
LIGHTING LECTURE 02

SENSES SENSORY ORGAN
Touch Skin with a variety of nerves that can sense
pressure and vibration
Taste
A tongue with the ability to distinguish four
different flavor sensation (sour, sweet, salt,
bitter)
Smell
A nose with olifactory sensors that can
recognize seven distinct odors
LIGHTING LECTURE 02

SENSES SENSORY ORGAN
Hearing An ear, which is a very complex device that
translates vibration of air molecules
Vision An eye, another very complex organ that
translates light impulses into visual signals
LIGHTING LECTURE 02

PARTS OF THE EYE
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
VISION PROCESS
1. The light reflected from an image approaches
the eye passing through the cornea.
2. The eyelid adjust as necessary to protect the
inner parts of the eye.
3. The iris adjust as needed to constrict or dilate
the pupil for the amount of light received.
4. As the light passes through the lens, the ciliary
muscle adjusts the shape of the lens to focus the
image on the retina.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
VISION PROCESS
5. The image appears inverted on the retina.
6. The retina gathers the brightness of the images
using rods and the colors of the image using the
cones.
7. The image is converted into impulses and then
sent through the optic nerve to the brain, where it
is then analyzed, interpreted, and turned rightside up.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02

VISION PROCESS
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
VISUAL ACUITY
How well we see is dependent on the different factors:
1. Brightness the amount of light being reflected
off a surface.
2. Time the length of time that our eye is exposed
to the light reflected off the object.
3. Contrast the difference in brightness between
an object and its background.
4. Size the relative size of the object with relation
to our visual field (range of vision)
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
VISUAL ACUITY
The Visual Field
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
10
VISUAL ACUITY
The Visual Field
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
11
VISUAL ACUITY
The prime purpose of lighting is to provide good visibility for execution of the tasks to be performed in the
building. Therefore seeing involves three elements:
1. Eyes the human sensory organ.
2. Task often taken as a flat surface called a work
plane.
3. Light a visible energy that illuminates a surface.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
12
PHYSICS OF LIGHT
Light described
Something that makes vision visible.
That portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that stimulates the visual
receptors in the eye.
That relatively narrow band of the
electromagnetic spectrum between
infrared light and ultraviolet radiation.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
13
LIGHT THEORY
Bullet or Particle theory light was
made up of tiny particles, like bullets, that
travel from one location to at great speed.
Wave theory - light acted like wave in a
pond that adheres law of reflection and
bend around surfaces.
Photon theory light is made up of tiny
particle and move in a wave-like path.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
14
LIGHT as radiant enery

Light is visually evaluated as rediant energy.
If Light is a wave it has frequency and a wavelength.
Visible Light occupies a very small part in the
electromagnetic spectrum. The reds
the longest part and violet the shortest.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
15
FREQUENCY RANGE SPECTRUM

Visible Light as part of the energy spectrum.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
16
COLOR SPECTRUM
Refraction the ability to bend corners
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
17
COLOR SPECTRUM
Visible Light is the presence of all colors.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
18
COLOR SPECTRUM
Light spectrum through two prisms
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
19
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT

Predictable and Measurable Characteristics
1. Reflection
1.1 Specular
1.2. Diffuse
1.3. Specular and Diffuse (combined)
2. Luminousity
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
20
REFLECTION
1. Specular Reflection
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
21
REFLECTION
2. Diffuse Reflection
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
22
REFLECTION
3. Specular and Diffuse Reflection (combine)
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
23
REFLECTION
Reflective Properties of Color
A white surface has the ability to reflect all colors that
reach it. If, however, the light that strikes the white
sur-face does not contain the full color spectrum, the
white surface will be able to reflect only the light that it
receives.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
24
REFLECTION
Color Reflectivity
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
25
REFLECTION
Color Reflectivity
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
26
REFLECTION
Intersecting Color
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
27
INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Defined:
Illumination level at any point is

inversely proportional to the
square of distance from the point
light source.
The law holds approximately at large distances (at least
5x the largest dimension of the source) from the source.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
28
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
29
QUALITY OF LIGHT
Defined :
The distribution of brightness in a lighting
installation that is adequate and visually
comfortable. It is a term used to describe
all essentials in lighting not directly
concerned with quantity of illumination.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
30
QUALITY OF LIGHT
BRIGHTNESS RATIOS
For good quality of lighting, the degree
of contrast of light and dark areas in
the field of vision should be limited to
provide for viewing angle changes.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
31
QUALITY OF LIGHT
GLARE
Commonly referred as the uncomfortable
brightness ratios,where background
luminance exceeds object luminance.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
32
QUALITY OF LIGHT
DIRECT GLARE
When the discofort glare is caused by
light sources in the field of vision.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
33
QUALITY OF LIGHT
DIRECT GLARE
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
34
QUALITY OF LIGHT
REFLECTED GLARE
When glare is caused by reflection of
light in a viewed surface.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
35
QUALITY OF LIGHT
REFLECTED GLARE
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
36
QUALITY OF LIGHT
REFLECTED GLARE
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
37
QUALITY OF LIGHT
CONTROL of
REFLECTED GLARE
1. Physical Arrangement
2. Control the Area of Brightness
3. Control of Source Characteristics
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
38
QUALITY OF LIGHT
1. Physical arrangement of system element

Arrange the geometry
of the system.
Change the location
of the light source
from the offending
zone.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
39
QUALITY OF LIGHT
2. Control of brightness and eye

adaptation level
Adjust overall
illumination that
would compensate
loss of contrast.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
40
QUALITY OF LIGHT
2. Control of source charateristics

Design of light
source that causes
minimal reflected
glare.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
41
LIGHTING CONDITION
Affecting Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Luminance Level
Disability Glare
Discomfort Glare
Luminance Ratios
Brightness Pattern
Chromacity
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
42
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Refers to the amount of illumination
or luminous flux per unit area. It can
be easily handled since it deals with
the number of light fixtures required
for a certain area.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
43
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
PRINCIPLE OF LIGHT
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
44
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
ANALOGY OF LIGHT
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
45
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
ANALOGY OF LIGHT
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
46
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Candela the luminous intensity over the
entire 1 sq. ft. area.
Candlepower luminous intensity expressed
in candelas
Footcandle is approximately the amount of
light that a single hand held candle would
emit onto a 1 sq. ft. Surface
at a distance
of 1 ft. from the candle.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
47
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Footlambert is the luminance of a surface
reflecting, transmitting 1 lumen of illumination per
sq. ft. of area in the direction being viewed.
Lumen is the measure of the intensity of a light
source.
Luminance the intensity of light falling at any given
place on a lighted surface, equal to the
luminous flux incident per unit area and express in
lumen per unit of area.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
48
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Luminous Flux the rate of flow of visible
light per unit time express in
lumen (lm).
Brightness is the sensation by which an
observer is able to distinguish
between differences in luminance.
LIGHTING LECTURE 02
49
****** THANK YOU AND GOOD DAY ******
50

Lighting - Module 2 - Lecture 02

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LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

WHAT IS LIGHTING AND

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

LIGHT AND PERCEPTION

LIGHT as radiant enery

FREQUENCY RANGE SPECTRUM

FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF LIGHT

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Illumination level at any point is

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

1. Physical arrangement of system element

2. Control of brightness and eye

2. Control of source charateristics

THANK YOU AND GOOD DAY

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