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Resistance Forces on A Vehicle

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Estimation of Vehicle
Demands.

Resistance Forces on A Vehicle


The major components of the resisting forces to motion
are comprised of :
Acceleration forces (Faccel = ma & I forces)
Aerodynamic loads (Faero)
Gradeability requirements (Fgrade)
Chassis losses (Froll resist ).

F Faero Frr Fg ma

Force System Due to Rolling Resistance

Road Conditions

Rolling Resistance
Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance

The magnitude of this force is Approximated as:


Rolling resistance of a vehicle is proportional to the component of
weight normal to the surface of travel

Frr Mg

Frr Crr Mg

P rr = C rr M V g

Standard Formula for Rolling Resistance

where:
P
=

9.81
C rr M V
P rr =
3600
-3
=
(2.72

10 ) C rr M V
P rr

Crr power
0.01 1

147

= coefficient of rolling resistance


M
= mass (kg)

(kW)
Crr

Typical Values of Coefficient of Rolling Resistance


Contact Type

Crr

Steel wheel on rail

0.0002...0.0010

Car tire on road

0.010...0.035

Car tire energy safe

0.006...0.009

Tube 22mm, 8 bar

0.002

Race tyre 23 mm, 7 bar

0.003

Touring 32 mm, 5 bar

0.005

Tyre with leak protection 37


0.007 / 0.01
mm, 5 bar / 3 bar

Effect of Road Condition on Crr

Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity

Grade Resistance
Composed of
Gravitational force acting on the vehicle

Fg mg sin g
For small angles, sin g tan g
g

Fg mg tan g

tan g G
Fg mgG

Fg

mg

Total Vehicular Resistance at Constant Velocity

AR = air resistance [N]


RR = rolling
resistance [N]
GR = gradient
resistance [N]
TR = total resistance [N]

Resistance

Steady State Demand Curve

Vehicle Speed

Vehicle Speed vs. Engine Speed

2rN crank 1 i
V
60000 Go
V =
r =

velocity , km/hr

Ncrank =

crankshaft rpm

i =
GO =

wheel radius, m
driveline slippage
Overall gear reduction ratio

Typical Engine Torque-Power Curves @ SS

TE
FE
rwheel

Steady State Demand Vs Available Effort

16

Inertial or Transient Forces


Transient forces are primarily comprised of acceleration
related forces where a change in velocity is required.
These include:
The rotational inertia requirements (FI ) and
the translational mass (Fma).
If rotational mass is added to a translating vehicle, it adds not
only rotational inertia but also translational inertia.

Inertial Resistance

F IR = meff vehicle a

F IR = mvehicle meq a
where:
FIR = inertia resistance [N]
meff-vehicle = Vehicle mass + Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
a = car acceleration [m/s2],
(from 0 to 100 km/h in: 6 s (4.63 m/s2), 18 s (1.543 m/s2))
mvehicle = Vehicle mass [kg]
meq = Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
18

19

Equivalent Mass of Rotating Parts


Torque due to any rotating part (ex. Wheel)

T i = I wheel

d
= I wheel wheel
dt

= mwheel k wheel
2

= angular acceleration

wheel =

a vehicle
r tire

k = radius of gyration

wheels and axles = 78% of total polar


inertia
propeller shaft = 1.5%
Engine = 6%
Flywheel and clutch =14.5%

Therefore the equivalent mass of all rotational parts including losses is


represented as:
2
2
2
I wheel & axles I propeller f G f I e I flywheel I clutch mt G f Ggb
meq

2
2
2
rwheel
rwheel
rwheel

Required Torque & Power at Wheels


Twheel

Twheel
Twheel

60 pdemand vehicle

2N wheel

60 pengine mt

N engine

2
Ggb G f

pdemand vehicle
wheel

Twheel
Pwheel

60 pengine mt
2N wheel

60 pengine mt

N engine

2
Ggb G f

Twheel Tengine Ggb G f mt


Tractive Effort demanded by a vehicle):

Twheel Tengine Ggb G f mt


FTE

rwheel
rwheel

Available Vehicle Tractive Effort (TE):


The minimum of:
1. Force generated by the engine, Fe
2. Maximum value that is a function of the vehicles
weight distribution and road-tire interaction, Fmax

Available tractive effort min Fe , Fmax

Tractive Effort Relationships

24

MATLAB for Vehicle Torque Requirement

MATLAB Model for Transmission System

Requirements of Vehicle on Road & Engine Power

Urban Driving Cycle

Engine RPM during Urban Driving Cycle

Engine Fuel Consumption During Urban Driving


Cycle

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