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P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Estimation of Vehicle
Demands.
F Faero Frr Fg ma
Road Conditions
Rolling Resistance
Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
Frr Mg
Frr Crr Mg
P rr = C rr M V g
where:
P
=
9.81
C rr M V
P rr =
3600
-3
=
(2.72
10 ) C rr M V
P rr
Crr power
0.01 1
147
(kW)
Crr
Crr
0.0002...0.0010
0.010...0.035
0.006...0.009
0.002
0.003
0.005
Grade Resistance
Composed of
Gravitational force acting on the vehicle
Fg mg sin g
For small angles, sin g tan g
g
Fg mg tan g
tan g G
Fg mgG
Fg
mg
Resistance
Vehicle Speed
2rN crank 1 i
V
60000 Go
V =
r =
velocity , km/hr
Ncrank =
crankshaft rpm
i =
GO =
wheel radius, m
driveline slippage
Overall gear reduction ratio
TE
FE
rwheel
16
Inertial Resistance
F IR = meff vehicle a
F IR = mvehicle meq a
where:
FIR = inertia resistance [N]
meff-vehicle = Vehicle mass + Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
a = car acceleration [m/s2],
(from 0 to 100 km/h in: 6 s (4.63 m/s2), 18 s (1.543 m/s2))
mvehicle = Vehicle mass [kg]
meq = Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
18
19
T i = I wheel
d
= I wheel wheel
dt
= mwheel k wheel
2
= angular acceleration
wheel =
a vehicle
r tire
k = radius of gyration
2
2
2
rwheel
rwheel
rwheel
Twheel
Twheel
60 pdemand vehicle
2N wheel
60 pengine mt
N engine
2
Ggb G f
pdemand vehicle
wheel
Twheel
Pwheel
60 pengine mt
2N wheel
60 pengine mt
N engine
2
Ggb G f
rwheel
rwheel
24