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ARCHITECTURE OF PUNJAB
RIMT COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
OF PUNJAB
AREAS OF PUNJAB
MATERIALS OF PUNJAB
Nanak Shahi brickwas most commonly used for its intrinsic advantages. They
were the decorated bricks used in Mughal era. The building blocks from the
demolished historic buildings was the Nanakshahi brick a slim brick of 6x4
x(1.25) Traditional small bricks that were burnt with timber and cow dung are far
superior in strength and more resilient than the conventional bricks. This brick
was used judiciously as column cladding, as joints between the block and
column, in the three centered arches and even in the windows apart from being
used in the roof in different patterns.
Nanak Shahi bricks were kind of brick tiles of moderate dimensions used for
reinforcing lime concretes in the structural walls and other components which
were generally very thick. The brick-tile made mouldings, cornices, plasters,
etc., easy to work into a variety of shapes. More often than not, the structures,
especially the Sikh temples (gurudwaras) were a combination of the two
systems, viz, trabeated or post-and-lintal, and acerated or based on arches. The
surfaces were treated with lime or gypsum plaster which was moulded into
cornices, pilasters, and other structural as well as non-structural
embellishments.
Brick, lime mortar as well as lime or gypsum plaster, and lime concrete were the
most favoured building materials, although stone: such as red stone and white
marble, were also used in a number of shrines. The Nanak Shahi Bricks found
use more as cladding or decorative material than for meeting structural needs
for well over two hundred years.
Nanak Shahi (from the times of Nanak) brick was most commonly used for its
intrinsic advantages. It was a kind of brick tile of moderate dimensions used for
reinforcing lime concretes in the structural walls and other components, which
were generally very thick.
The brick-tile made moldings, cornices, plasters, etc., is easy to work into a
variety of shapes. More often than not, the structure was a combination of the
two systems, viz, trabeated or post-and-lintal, and acerated or based on arches.
The surfaces were treated with lime or gypsum plaster which was molded into
cornices, pilasters, and other structural as well as non-structural embellishments
THERE ARE MANY BUILDINGS IN PUNJAB WHICH WERE MADE SOLELY BY THESE
BRICKS . FOR EXAMPLE:NANAK SHAHI BRICK FORT (KUCCHA QILLA ), MALERKOTLA
QILLA MUBARAK , MALERKOTLA
KUTIYA (TEMPLE SHARING WALL WITH MOSQUE) , MALERKOTLA
EVEN NOW A DAYS WE ARE USING BURNT CLAY BRICKS AT MAX BUT THESE
BRICKS ARE ESILY PRONE TO DISEASE AND DECAY WHY??
IN EARLIER TIMES IT WAS SAID THAT A GOOD BRICK HAS LIFE SPAN OF 200
YEARS WHICH LOWERS TO 100 YEARS IN 20 CENTUARY BUT IN 21 CENTUARY
BRICKS ARE PRONE TO EFFLORESCENCE,
BUT THE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS WHICH ARE MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD .
THEY DONT HAVE ANY EFFLORENSCE AND CRACK WITH NO MAINTEANCE THEY
WITHSTAND ACID RAIN , WIND AND WEATHERING AGENCIES.HOW
?
WHY STILL LOOKS
BETTER
THAN NEW BRICK??
VS
REASONS BEHIND THIS IS WELL KNOWN TO ALL BUT IGNORED JUST TO MEET
THE DEMAND OF BUILDING IN LESS TIME ONE JUST FORGOT THESE:USE OF CEMENT AS BINDING MATERIAL
LACK OF TIME
LOW QUALITY OF LABOUR WORK
LOW QUALITY BRICK MAKING PROCESS
SALINITY OF TOP SOIL WHICH IS BEING USED FOR BRICKS
WHY STILL LOOKS BETTER
LACK OF PROPER WATERING AND SETTING TIME FOR THAN
BRICKSNEW BRICK??
VS
When one section is completed and hard, the two boards are moved along and the
process is repeated until the whole plan is completed.
The life of rammed earth walls is usually very long and they can carry heavy floors
and roofs and be used for two and even three storey buildings
MUD:A mud mortar is prepared by simply mixing soil with water until it is in a plastic
{workable) state.
Once applied, a mud mortar sets quite rapidly on drying without the need for
elaborate curing procedures.
Mud can be used as an additive, walls, floor and other finishes.
THATCH
COW DUNG
TIMBER
Timber was limited for ornamentation works, railings , doors and windows
,ceiling as well but there is one of some examples in which timber is also used
as supporting coloumn and that is
MOTI BAZAAR , MALERKOTLA
Same area used in movie phantom released
in year 2015 starrer saif ali khan and katrin kaif
GOLDEN TEMPLE
PLANNING - The main structure rises
from the centre of the sacred pool,
150 metres square, approached by a
causeway about 60 metres long.
An archway on the western side of the
pool opens on to the causeway,
bordered with balustrades of fretted
marble, and, at close intervals, there
are standard lamps, their great
lanterns set upon marble columns.
The 52-metre square-based Hari Mandir,
to which the causeway leads, stands
on a 20-metre square platform. Its
lower parts are of white marble, but
the upper parts are covered with
plates of gold.
On the second storey is a pavilion known
as Shish Mahal or Mirror Room. The
interior of the Shish Mahal is
ornamented with small pieces of
mirror .
GOLDEN TEMPLE
The typical art and architectural
features of the Golden Temple can
be summed up as
1.Multiplicity of chhatris which
ornament the parapets, angles at
every prominence or projection;
2. The invariable use of fluted domes
covered with gilded copper;
3. Balconised windows thrown out on
carved brackets or bay-windows
with shallow elliptical cornices.
4. Enrichment of walls, arches and
ceilings by various forms of mural
art.
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
PROJECTED BALCONIES
ONION DOME
ENTRANCE
GATEWY
ROW OF ARCHES
FLUTED DOME
CARVED COLUMNS
CONCLUSION
The primary element was a single interior living space, which may have been
sub- divided, multiplied, or otherwise modified.
Second, an external space adjacent to or surrounded by the dwelling was
emphasized by use of elements such as low platforms or verandahs.
An average hut measured approximately 5 to 6 meters long and 3 to 4 meters
wide.
These huts were arranged in a linear pattern along the main street of a village,
usually amidst a group of bamboo trees.
The houses were normally surrounded by a fence made of bamboo, shrubs, or
twigs that defined the boundary between the public street and the semi-public
courtyard area in front and at the rear of the hut.
VARIOUS DESIGN
FEATURES
SITE PLAN
.
SECTION OF HOUSE
PASSIVE FEATURES
Summers:
Use evaporative cooling.
Protect against summer heat gain.
Keep the sun out in summers to reduce heat gain and glare.
Flatten day-to-night temperature swings to reduce cooling in summers.
Use vegetative cover to prevent reflected radiation and glare.
Expand use of outdoor spaces during the night.
Night time flush ventilation to cool thermal mass.
Winter:
Let the winter sun in to reduce heating needs.
Protect from cool winter winds to reduce heating.
Expand use of outdoor spaces during the day.
Spring:
Use natural ventilation to cool in spring.
In part, the specific climate of Jharkhand has given rise to particular vernacular
types.
These types will be explored in the next chapter.
Front
verandah
used for
sitting in
winter and to
shade the
light
colored
exterior walls.
BRIEF CONCLUSION
SITE PLAN
PASSIVE FEATURES:
Reduction of solar heat
gain:
-by orientation of the
bedrooms towards north
-By shading of east and
west walls by neighboring
buildings.
- By shading the windows
and walls with projecting
stone slabs