PURE SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS

COMPOUNDS

118

NATURAL

millions

MAN MADE

92

25

1-92

93-118
products of artificial
nuclear reactions

found on earth

Uranium

NATURAL

ARTIFICIAL
COMPOUNDS

some

majority
Plastics
Catalysts
Pigments
Fertilizers
Medicine
Fibres
Preservatives
Etc

HALF LIFE
The amount of time for a radioactive material to decay to 50% of
its original mass
C14 decays to N14 with a half life of 5730 years

HALF LIVES
Ununoctium
Ununseptium
Ununhexium
Ununpentium
Ununquadium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Ununtrium
Francium
Meitnerium
Ununbium
Hassium
Bohrium
Seaborgium
Nobelium
Dubnium
Astatine
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium

5 ms
50 ms
120 ms
1m
1.33 m
4m
10 m
20 m
21.7 m
30 m
40 m
1.11 h
1.5 h
1.94 h
2.78 h
5.56 h
8.06 h
10 h
13.1 h

Radon
Mendelevium
Fermium
Einsteinium
Promethium
Actinium
Polonium
Californium
Berkelium
Radium
Americium
Protactinium
Neptunium
Technetium
Curium
Plutonium
Uranium
Thorium
Bismuth

3.823495 d
51.5 d
100.5 d
1.2922 y
17.73 y
21.7865 y
102.1 y
900.6 y
1379 y
1.59103 y
7388 y
32788 y
2.1455106 y
4.12106 y
1.56107 y
7.93107 y
4.471109 y
1.4061010 y
1.91019 y

Atomic Structure

The structure of the atom

ELECTRON
negative, mass
nearly nothing
NEUTRON
neutral, same mass
as proton (1)

PROTON positive,
same mass as
neutron (1)

The Atom
Nucleus

Shell = Energy level

Electron

MOST COMMON ELEMENT IN

UNIVERSE

Hydrogen
75 % of the mass of the universe
Proton

Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons

Electron

WHERE ARE BIGGER ATOMS

CREATED ?

SUPERNOVA

ORGANIZATION OF
ELECTRONS
Electrons occupy closest shells first
Outer shells have more electrons and more energy
1st shell 2 electrons (VIP seating)
2nd shell 8 electrons
3rd shell 18 electrons
4th shell 32 electrons

ATOMIC NUMBER
The number of protons in the nucleus
In a NEUTRAL atom there are an equal number of PROTONS & ELECTRONS

ATOMIC MASS
The sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom
Atoms sometimes have equal number of protons and neutron
e.g.

6 protons, 6 neutrons

ATOMIC MASS
BUT USUALLY
PROTONS NOT = NEUTRONS
e.g.

Co

27 protons, 32 neutrons

ATOMIC MASS
ELECTRONS - have a negligible weight compared to neutrons and protons so it is not
included
PROTON = 1836 x mass of electron

ISOTOPE
Variations of an atom with different number of NEUTRONS

C
13
C
14
C
12

6 P, 6 N
6 P, 7 N
6 P, 8 N

IN NATURE
= 98.93 %
= 1.07 %
= 0.0000000001%

An atomic number is calculated by taking a weighted average of the isotopes

12x 0.9893
13x 0.0107
14x 0.000000000001

=
=
=

11.8716
0.1391
+0.000000000014
12.0107

ISOTOPE
ISOTOPE = atoms with different numbers of NEUTRONS

atomic number = a weighted average of the isotopes

H
2
H
3
H
1

1 x 0.99980
2 x 0.000185
3x 0

IN NATURE
1P
=
1 P, 1 N =
1 P, 2 N =

=
=
=

99.998 %
0.0185%
almost 0%

0.99980
0.00037
+0
1.0015

(unstable)

IONS
An atom or molecule with more or less ELECTRONS
Normally in an atom there are an equal number of PROTONS &
ELECTRONS
= NEUTRAL
When there are more or less ELECTRONS ---> atoms have a CHARGE
ANION
A negative ion = more electrons
e.g. Cl -

= 1 extra electron

CATION
A positive ion = less electrons
e.g.

Na+

= 1 less electron

Mass and atomic number

Particle

Relative Mass

Relative Charge

Proton

Neutron

Electron

-1

MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number

of neutrons

SYMBOL

PROTON NUMBER = number of protons

(obviously)

PROTO NEUTRO ATOMIC ELECTRO

ATOM
NS
NS
MASS
NS
+
11
11
22
10
11 Na

24
Mg 2+

12

O 28

16

Cl
18
35

e- lost or
gained
-1e

23
8

92

K
Rb +
I-

19
37

74

39
86
127

-1 e

TYPES OF ELECTRONS
INTERNAL
Closer and have stronger attraction to
nucleus

EXTERNAL or
VALENCE ELECTRONS
Are the electrons responsible for
chemical reactions

VALENCE ELECTRONS
VALENCE ELECTRONS
Furthest from the nucleus in the last shell
Easiest ones to react with other atoms
RULE OF OCTET
Atoms try to fill their valence shells with 8 electrons to become more stable
RULE OF DUPLET
are exceptions to the rule of octet

H, He, Li, Be, Boron

CHEMICAL BONDS
atoms steal or share valence electrons from other atoms
Atoms that dont have 8 react with other atoms to get stable by:
-stealing electrons from others
-giving electrons to others
-sharing electrons

ENERGY LEVELS

Element

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium

Symbol

Atomic
number

Electronic configuration
(or Electron arrangement) KLMN

1st
shell

2nd
shell

3rd
shell

4th
shell

5th
shell

6th
shell

7th
shell

VALENCE

(2)

(8)

(18)

(32)

(32)

(18)

(8)

(8)

Element

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium

Symbol

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca

Atomic
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Electronic configuration
(or Electron arrangement) KLMN

1st
shell

2nd
shell

3rd
shell

4th
shell

5th
shell

6th
shell

7th
shell

VALENCE

(2)

(8)

(18)

(32)

(32)

(18)

(8)

(8)

Helium
Proton

Neutron

Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

Electron

Lithium
Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Beryllium
Protons

Neutrons

Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

Electrons

Boron
Protons

Neutrons

Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

Electrons

Carbon
Protons

Neutrons

Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

Electrons

Nitrogen
Protons

Neutrons

Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

Electrons

Oxygen
Protons

Neutrons

Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

Electrons

Fluorine
Protons

Neutrons

Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

Electrons

Neon
Protons

Neutrons

Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

Electrons

Sodium
Protons

Neutrons

Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

Electrons

H
Al
Ar
Be
B
He
K

DRAW ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Li
Mg
Ne
N
O
P

LEWIS DOT STUCTURE

Valence electrons are represented by points

Li
Mg
He
Be
C
N
O
H
Ne

LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

H
Li
Si
Al
Ar
Be
B
He
K

Mg
Ne
N
O
P

Na
S
Ca
C
Cl
F

LEWIS STUCTURE
Elements try to get stable 8 by:

-sharing
-stealing
-giving
EXCEPTIONS
Hydrogen
Helium

Na

Cl

DIATOMIC ATOMS
Some element exist in nature in pairs
ex. H2 or O2

Cl

Cl

Br

Br

Elements try to get stable 8 by:

-sharing
-stealing
-giving
EXCEPTIONS
Hydrogen
Helium

LEWIS STUCTURE
Draw in electrons in
interaction

Write their formulas

Na

Cl

DRAW

CH4

CH3CH3

CLASSWORK
Ch 4-3 Atomic #, mass, isotopes
P 98 101
Questions # 11 -13
P101 #14 Table
Valence & Lewis Dot
P140 ,141 # 26,28

PERIODIC TABLE PROJECT

POSTER
1) Preferably find material
made of that element
2) If material very difficult to
find or radioactive or
expensive use
colourful picture

ELECTRON SHELLS
s

10

13

11

14

17

21

12

15

18

22

26

16

19

23

27

31

20

24

28

32

36

AVOGADROS PRINCIPLE

PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS
TYPE
OF
COMPOUNDS

GEOMETRIC
FORMATION
OF
ATOMS

TYPE
OF
BONDS

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

There are three general ways in which the octet rule breaks down:
1. Molecules with an odd number of electrons
2. Molecules in which an atom has less than an octet
3. Molecules in which an atom has more than an octet
Odd number of electrons
Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule nitrous oxide (NO):
1. Total electrons: 6+5=11
2. Bonding structure:
3. Octet on "outer" element:
4. Remainder of electrons (11-8 = 3) on "central" atom:
5. There are currently 5 valence electrons around the nitrogen. A double bond would place 7 around the nitrogen,
and a triple bond would place 9 around the nitrogen.
We appear unable to get an octet around each atom

Less than an octet (most often encountered with elements of Boron and Beryllium)
Draw the Lewis structure for boron trifluoride (BF 3):
1. Add electrons (3*7) + 3 = 24