SYLLABUS

UNIT I
Introduction: Loads, structural steels and their specifications,
structural elements, steel vs. concrete and timber, design
approacheselastic and limit state methods, design specifications
as per IS: 800, structural layout, strength and stiffness
considerations, efficiency of cross-section, safety and serviceability
considerations.
Structural Fasteners and Connections: Riveting and bolting, their
types, failure of riveted joint, efficiency of a joint, design of riveted
joint, concentric riveted joints, advantages and disadvantages of
bolted connections, stresses in bolts, types of welded joints, design
of welded joint subjected to axial loads, welded joints subjected to
eccentric loads, simple, semi-rigid and rigid connections.

UNIT II
Tension Members: Types of sections, net area, net
effective area for angles, tees, design of tension
members, tension splice, high strength steel cables.

Compression Members: Axially loaded columns,

effective length, slenderness ratio, allowable stresses,
general specifications, design of axially loaded
members, laced and battened columns and their
design, built up compression members, eccentrically
loaded columns and their design, column splice and its
design, encased columns.

UNIT III
Flexural Members: Design criteria, permissible
stresses, laterally supported beams and their design
laterally unsupported beams and their design, web
buckling, web crippling, built up beams, encased
beams, members subjected to bending and
compression, Plate Girders: Introduction, weight and
economic depth, design of flanges, design of web,
curtailment of flange plates, intermediate and bearing
stiffeners, design of a riveted and welded plate girders,
web and flange splice.
Column Bases: Introduction, slab base, gusseted
base, column base subjected to moment, grillage
foundation.

UNIT IV
Tubular Structures: Permissible stresses, tube
columns and compression members, tube tension
members, tubular roof trusses, joints in tubular
trusses, tubular beams and purlins
Aluminium Structures: Permissible stresses,
tension members, compression members, local
buckling of compression members, design of beams and
connections

Text Books/Reference Books

Design of Steel Structures, Vol. 1 and Vol. II, Ram
Chandara, Standard Book House.
Design of Steel Structures, L.S NEGI, Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.
Design of Steel Structures, S. Ramamrutham and R
Narayana, Dhanpat Rai Publication
Design of Steel Structures, by A.S. Arya and J.L.
Ajmani. , Nem Chand Brothers, Roorkee.
1. Design of Steel Structures, P. Dayaratnam, Wheeler
Publishing, New Delhi.
2. Design of Steel Structures, M. Raghupathi, Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

CODES

Code of practice for general construction in steel

IS 800-1984
Handbook for structural engineers

SP6(1)-1964
Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for building and structures :
IS 875(Part I-IV) : 1987
IRC for vehicle load in bridge structures

INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE STEEL STRUCTURES ?

A structure which is made from organised combination of

structural STEEL members designed to carry loads and
provide adequate rigidity
Steel structures involve a sub-structure or members in a
building made from structural steel.
Some famous steel structures areWALT DISNEY

CONCERT HALL,US

TYNE
BRIDGE,UK

HOWRAH
BRIDGE,INDIA

ADVANTAGES OF USING STEEL IN

STRUCTURES

Lighter, High strength, Faster to erect, High

scrap value
The high ratio of strength to weight (the
strength per unit weight)
Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
Withstand extensive deformation without
failure even under high
tensile stress.
Elasticity, uniformity of material
Predictability of properties, close to design
assumption
Ease of fabrication and speed of erection
Recyclable material

MOST IMPORTANT

Steel structures facilitate ease of fabrication

and faster erection of structure .Bolts and
welding employed for joining .

DISADVANTAGES OF USING
STEEL IN A STRUCTURE
Susceptibility

to corrosion
Maintenance costs / thin-walled
Buckling
structure
phenomenon
Loss of strength at elevated temperature
Fireproofing costs
Susceptibility to buckling
Fatigue and brittle fracture

Skilled labor required

LOADS

DEAD LOAD(IS 875 Part I)

LIVE LOADS(IS 875 Part II)- Earth pressure,
Water current load, Impact load and thermal
loads
Environmental loads- Wind load(IS 875 Part
III), Seismic loads(IS 1892:2002), Snow load,
Rain load

WHERE & WHEN USE STEEL

STRUCTURES?
1) Long-span structures
2)Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
3) Buildings of heavy duty plants
4)Tower & mast structures
5)Portal frames
6)Bridges
7)Infrastructures
8)Deployable structures
9)Generalized structures: mechanical

STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS

Rolled Steel Angle Sections (ISA)

Rolled steel Tee sections (IST)

Rolled Steel Channel Sections(ISC)
Rolled Steel I Sections(ISB)

Indian Standard junior beam (ISJB)

Indian Standard Light Beam (ISLB)
Indian Standard Medium Beam (ISMB)
Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam (ISWB)
Indian Standard Heavy Beam (ISHB)

Indian Standard Flats (ISF)

Rolled Steel Plate Section ( ISPL)
Rolled Standard Sheet Sections (ISSH)
Indian Standard Strips (ISST)
Rolled Steel Tubes

Indian Standard Round Bars (ISRO)

Indian Standard square bars (ISSQ)

13

ELEMENTS OF CROSS SECTION

16

ELEMENTS OF CROSS SECTION

17

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Modulus of Elasticity(E)= 2x10^5 N/sqmm

Shear Modulus(G)=0.769 x 10^5 N/sqmm
Poissons ratio()=
Elastic range=0.3
Plastic range=0.5
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12x10^-6/Degree
Celsius

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
Working
Plastic
Limit

Stress Design (WSD)

Design (PD)

State Method (LSM)

WORKING STRESS DESIGN

Service loads are calculated as expected during service
life.
Linear elastic analysis is performed.
A factor of safety (FOS) of the material strength is
assumed (usually 3-4)
Material Strength
Allowable Stress
FOS

Design is satisfactory if (maximum stress < allowable

stress)
Limitations

Case specific, no guarantee that our design covers all cases

Arbitrary choice of FOS?!

PLASTIC DESIGN
Service loads are factored by a load factor.
The structure is assumed to fail under these loads, thus,
plastic hinges will form under these loads Plastic
Analysis.
The cross section is designed to resist bending moments
and shear forces from the plastic analysis.
Members are safe as they are designed to fail under these
factored loads while they will only experience service
loads.
Limitations

No FOS of the material is considered, neglecting the uncertainty

in material strength!
Arbitrary choice of overall FOS?!

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

Standard Plain Carbon Steel

Stress f

P ( Load )
A ( Area )
Necking & Fracture

Strain Hardening

Fu
Fy

Elastic

Yield plateau

L ( Deformation) Strain
Lo (Original Length)

LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN

(LSM)
LSM is similar to plastic design which considers most
critical limit states of strength and serviceability.
Service loads are multiplied by load factors () and linear
elastic analysis is performed.
Material strength is reduced by multiplying the nominal
material strength by a resistance factor ()
The design rule is: Design Action<or =Design Strength

This rule shall be attained

i Q i i R n

for all limit states!!

Where Rn is the nominal strength and Q is the load effect for the
ith limit state

LIMIT STATE METHOD OF

DESIGN (LSM)
Resistance: Shear, Bending, Axial Forces
Advantages of LSM

Non-case specific, statistical calculations guarantee

population behavior.
Uniform factor of safety as both load and material
factors are tied by reliability analysis

PROBABILISTIC BASIS FOR LSM

If we have the probability distribution of the load effect (Q) and the material
resistance (R) then:

The probability of failure can be represented by observing the

probability of the function (R-Q)
The probability of failure PF can be represented as the probability
that Q R:

Probability
of failure

DESIGN APPROACHES
IS : 800 - 1984
Working stress method
Factor of safely for yield
stress, allowable stresses are
less than fy.
Pure elastic approach for
analysis of structures under
working loads.

Yielding or buckling never

occurs at working loads

Deformations are evaluated at

working loads.

IS : 800 2007
Limit State Method
Partial safety factor for material
(m) for yield and ultimate stress.
Working loads are factored
(increased) as per partial safely
factor (f) causing Limit State of
strength.
Post buckling and post yielding
plays important role in
estimating capacity of structural
elements at Limit State.
Deformations are evaluated at
28
working loads.

LIMIT STATES
Strength Limit States
a) Loss of Equilibrium
b) Loss of load bearing capacity
c) Spread of local failure
d) Very large deformations

Serviceability Limit States

a) Excessive deflection
b) Excessive local damage
c) Unwanted vibration

STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS

CONSIDERATIONS
Design for Strength
max < all

max <all

Design for Stiffness

max < all