Introduction to Linear

Electric Circuits
EECE 200
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

Definitions

Engineering

A science by which the properties of matter and

the sources of energy are made useful to mankind

Electrical Engineering

A science by which the properties of matter and

the sources of electrical energy are made useful
to mankind

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

History

1884

1912

American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE)

formed as professional society for electrical
engineers
Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) formed as
professional society for radio engineers

1963

Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE)

formed as merger of AIEE and IRE

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

Branches of Electrical
Engineering

Electric Utility Industry (Power Systems)

Industrial Automation

Control Systems

Computer Industry

Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Utilization

Hardware/Software

Electronics Industry

Communications, Signal/Image Processing,

Analog/Digital Electronics, IC Design, VLSI

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

Computer Industry

Electronics Industry
Communication System

A telephone system

Signal Processing Systems

System Interaction
Multi-disciplinary systems

Circuit Theory

Commonality among different branches?

Yes, electric circuits
Electric Circuit

A mathematical model that approximates the

behavior of an actual electrical system

Circuit theory is a special case of

electromagnetic field theory

The study of static and moving electric charges

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

Assumptions

Electrical effect happen instantaneously

throughout a system
The net charge on every component in the
system is always zero
There is no magnetic coupling between the
components in a system

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Problem Solving

Identify whats given and whats to be found

Sketch a circuit diagram or other visual
model
Think of several solution methods and decide
on a way of choosing among them
Calculate a solution
Use your creativity
Test your solution

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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The International System of

Units (SI)

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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The International System of

Units (SI)

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SI Standard Prefix
Prefix

Symbol

Power

atto

10-18

femto

10-15

pico

10-12

nano

10-9

micro

10-6

mili

10-3

centi

10-2

deci

10-1

deka

da

10

hecto

102

kilo

103

mega

106

giga

109

tera

1012

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Circuit Analysis

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Voltage and Current

Electric charge is the basis for describing all

electrical phenomena
Important characteristics of electric charge (q):

Bipolar (+, -)

Discrete quantities, 1.6022x10-19 C

Electron (-), Proton (+)

Electron (-1.6022x10-19 C), Proton (+1.6022x10-19 C), Neutron
(0 C)

Electrical effects are attributed to both separation of charge

(voltage) and motion of charges creates electric current.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Voltage

The separation of charge creates an electric

force

Voltage

Whenever positive and negative charges are

separated, energy is expended
Voltage is the energy per unit charge created
by the separation
dw
v
dq

where
v = the voltage in volts
w = the energy in joules
q = the charge in coulombs

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Alessandro
Volta

February 18, 1745 March 5, 1827)

was an Italian[1][2] physicist known for
the invention of the battery in the
1800s.

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Current

The motion of charge creates an electric fluid

Current

The electrical effects caused by charges in

motion depend on the rate of charge flow
The rate of charge flow is known as the
electric current
dq
i
dt

where
i = the current in amperes
q = the charge in coulombs
t = the time in seconds

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Andr-Marie Ampre
20 January 1775 10 June 1836)[2] was a French
physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded
as one of the main founders of the science of classical
electromagnetism, which he referred to as
"electrodynamics". The SI unit of measurement of
electric current, the ampere, is named after him.

Demonstration model of a moving iron

ammeter. As the current through the
coil increases, the plunger is drawn
further into the coil and the pointer
deflects to the right
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Ideal Basic Circuit Element

Attributes:

Only two terminals

Describes in terms of current and/or voltage
Cannot be subdivided into other elements
v
i

+
v
-

voltage drop from terminal 1 to terminal 2

or
voltage rise from terminal 2 to terminal 1

i
positive charge flowing from terminal 1 to terminal 2
or
negative charge flowing from terminal 2 to terminal 1

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Power and Energy

Power is the time rate of expending or

absorbing energy
dw
p
dt

where
p = the power in watts
w = the energy in joules
t = the time in seconds

Power is associated with the flow of charge

dw dw dq

p

vi
dt
dq dt

where
p = the power in watts
v = the voltage in volts
i = the current in amperes

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Power Polarity
i
+

i
1

v
-

p = -vi

p = vi
i
-

i
-

v
+

p = -vi

p = vi

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Algebraic Sign of Power

+ (p>0)

Power is being delivered to the circuit inside the

box

- (p<0)

Power is being extracted from the circuit inside

the box

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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Passive Sign Conversion

Write the equations for voltage current and

power for each of the cases below

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Example II

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Example III

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, American University, Fall 2014

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