DRUGS IN

SPORTS

DRUGS IN SPORTS

are various substances providing

advantage in athletic performance
enlarging muscles
increasing the blood's oxygencarrying capacity.
the use of such drugs is
competitively
unethical
and
medically dangerous.
outlawed by organizations that
govern
major
amateur
and
professional sports."
Oct. 20, 2008 - MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia

Why do athletes use drugs?

enhances performance
ease of availability
physical and psychological dependence
to cope and manage stress
culture of the sport
lack of confidence
pressure to win
prestige and fame
national pride and unrealistic expectations

Stimulants (amphetamines, caffeine,

cocaine, other
sympathomimeticdrugs).
Steroids (synthetic derivatives of the
male sex hormone testosterone).
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Blood Doping and Erythropoietin.

1. Stimulants

act directly on the central

nervous system
speed up parts of the brain and
body.
Adrenaline is an example of a
naturally occurring stimulant in
the body.
increase alertness and fierceness Stimulants historically were
even decrease the exhaustion of used to treat asthma and
other respiratory problems,
athletes.
obesity,
neurological
can suppress appetite
disorders, and a variety of
other ailments
reduce
The
mostfatigue
common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines
(Dexedrine,
increasingBenzedrine).
your heart rate, blood
pressure, body temperature and
Cold
remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine,
metabolism.
pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride
phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim).

(Sudafed)

and

Stimulantscan betakenorally
Potential short-term side effects
in pill form, inhaled nasally,
headaches
smoked, or injected
increased blood pressure
increased heart rate
insomnia
weight loss
hallucinations
convulsions
heart rhythm abnormalities
heart attack
Long-term use
uncontrollable movements of the face
paranoid delusions
nerve damage
irritability
insomnia
confusion
tremors
anxiety
irregular heartbeat
dizziness
hypertension

1. Anabolic steroids or
Lean mass builders

increase growth of muscles,

bone growth, speed and
appetite.

help reduce body fat.

leads
to
severe
health
problems, including steroid
rage (the development of
male
features
in
female
athletes, heart
attacks, and
synthetic
derivatives
of
seriously a reduced
life
testosterone,
natural
male
expectancy.)
hormone.
chemically manufactured.
can be administered by injection,
or can be taken orally.
Injectable steroids are longer
lasting in the body and can be
These are commonly used by cancer and AIDS
detected
in the body for a longer
patients and body builders

From the 1930's to the 1960's scientists modified the structure of the
testosterone molecule to produce anabolic steroids to increase muscle and
body protein metabolism at dose levels which tend not to increase other

3. Blood Doping and Erythropoietin

'blood doping'
doping
-increasing the number
of red blood cells (RBCs)
in one's circulatory
system
enhance the delivery of
oxygen to one's
muscles.
Improved oxygen
delivery, in turn, might
help the muscles
perform better.

Two Types of Blood Doping

Autologous blood
doping the athletes own
RBCs are
harvested well in
advance opf the competition
Homologous blood
doping - the RBCs from a
compatible donor are
harvested.

Effects on
Performance
Most commonly used by
endurance athletes such as
distance
runners, skiers,
and cyclists
Extra red blood cells wouuld
carry
more oxygen to the
muscles where it can be used
for aerobic respiration

Side Effects of Blood

Doping
Increased blood viscosity
Myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolism
Cerebral embolism
Cerebrovascular accident
Infections

Erythropoietin
(EPO) a
glycoprotein
hormone
that
controls
erythropoiesis or red blood
cell production
stimulates bone marrow to
produce more red blood
cells
and therefore
hemoglobin

Is Erythropoietin (EPO) Dangerous?

EPO injections thicken the blood, which
increases the strain on the heart. This is
particularly dangerous when the heart
rate slows down, such as during sleep.
increased thickness, or viscosity, of the
blood increases the risk of blood clots,
heart attacks, and strokes.
EPO is on the banned substances list in
professional cycling, and riders.

Side effects of
Erythropoietin
Increased viscosity of the
blood
Fever
Seizures
Nausea
Headache
Anxiety

Detection of Blood Doping And

Erythropoietin
Random and often-repeated
search of athletes homes
and tem
facilities
Blood and urine testing
Detection of unnatural
number population of RBCs
Comparisson of the numbers
of mature and immature
RBCs

4.Human growth hormone (HGH)

Human growth hormone (HGH), or
somatotropin- glycoprotein hormone
synthesised and secreted by cells in
anterior pituitary gland.
cellular metabolism and is also
necessary for skeletal growth in
humans.
The major role in body growth is to
stimulate the liver and other tissues to
secrete insulin.
Injection form only
is a prohibited substance both in and
out of competition under the World
Anti-Doping Code 2008 Prohibited List."

The side effects of HGH are serious.

Diabetes
swelling
high blood pressure
even heart failure.
Inflammation can also occur, causing joint pain
and carpel tunnel syndrome.
increased risk of cancer in children using HGH
supplementation and a possible increase risk of
cancer in adults (though no long-term studies
have been done to prove or disprove the cancer
risk of HGH).

Drug Tests Used in Sports

Drug Tests in Use(as of Dec. 22,
2008)

Test
Type

Test For

Hair

Multiple illegal
substances

Urine

Multiple illegal
substances

Urine

Testosterone

4.Carbon Isotope Ratio

Urine

Testosterone

5.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH/rHGH)

Blood

HGH/rHgH

Urine

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Urine

Steroids

Blood
Urine

CERA EPO
HGH/rHgH

Blood

Testosterone
masking agent

Blood

Gene manipulation

1.Liquid Chromatography
2.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrome
try
3.Testosterone/Epitestosterone Ratio

6.
Isoelectric Erythropoietin (EPO) Focu
8.Hydropyrolysis
sing
7.
9.Nanotrap
Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor A
10.
ctivator
(CERA)
Selective Androgen Receptor Modula
tors
(SARMs) InhibitorAA
11.Myostatin
12.Gene Doping

Blood/Tissue/Uri
Gener manipulation
ne

Methods of Cheating In
Drug Tests

ThePROSandCONSstatements below give a five

minute introduction to the debate over performance
enhancing drugs in sports.
1.HealthRisk
2.Seeking an "Unfair"
Advantage
3.Drugsvs. Technology
4.Coercion
5.Effectiveness of Drug
Testing

6.Legalizing
Performance Enhancing
Drugs
7.Sportsmanship
8.Athletes as Role
Models
9.Sports Fans
10.Hall of Fame
Induction

Forms of Performance Enhancing Drugs

Oral (pills,tablets)
Injectables

Oral (pills,tablets)
Used because some
drugs are only
effective in solid form
such as insulin.

Injectables
it may be impossible
for certain patients to
take tablets. These
include patients who
are vomiting,
unconscious or for one
reason or another are
not able to take
anything by mouth.

Additional comments
1.
2.
3.
4.

Use bullets in your slides, limiting these to 3-5 words each

Provide pictures for each drug if there are any; explain how are
these taken (i.e., pill, IV, cream, etc.)
Include the word format of your document when you submit this
to me (soft copy)
Please indicate your references

Prof. J. Inovero
AP3
8/12/2010