Pneumatic system

Basic Components of
Pneumatic System

a) Air filters: These are used to filter out the contaminants from the air.

b) Compressor: Compressed air is generated by using air compressors. Air compressors are either
diesel or electrically operated. Based on the requirement of compressed air, suitable capacity
compressors may be used.

c) Air cooler: During compression operation, air temperature increases. Therefore coolers are used
to reduce the temperature of the compressed air.

d) Dryer: The water vapor or moisture in the air is separated from the air by using a dryer.

e) Control Valves: Control valves are used to regulate, control and monitor for control of direction
flow, pressure etc.

f) Air Actuator: Air cylinders and motors are used to obtain the required movements of mechanical
elements of pneumatic system.

g) Electric Motor: Transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is used to drive the
compressor.
h) Receiver tank: The compressed air coming from the compressor is stored in the air receiver.

SERVOMECHANISM
& ITS IMPORTANCE

Definition
Servomechanism is an automatic control system in which the output is
constantly compared with the input through feedback so that the error
or difference between the two quantities can be used to bring about
the desired amount of control.

Description
What is the use of servomechanism?

The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or

error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other
parameters.
The car's cruise control uses closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a
servomechanism. A servomechanism is unique from other control systems
because it controls a parameter by commanding the time-based derivative
of that parameter Servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor.
Servomechanisms were first used in military fire-control and marine
navigation equipment. Today servomechanisms are used in automatic
machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas and remote control airplanes,
automatic navigation systems on boats and planes, and antiaircraft-gun
control

Diagram

All servomechanisms have the

following parts:

1. A way to measure what is desired and what is being

accomplished,
2. A way to transport this information,
3. A way to determine the difference between the actual
condition and the desired condition,
4. A means to amplify this difference (which is often small)
and use it to move the actual condition towards the desired
condition

A common type of servo provides position control.

The servo consists of some control circuitry mounted on the circuit board, a
motor which provides movement, a gear train which multiplies the torque of
the motor, an output shaft which is the output of the servo, and a feedback
potentiometer.
Servos are commonly electrical or partially electronic in nature, using an
electric motor as the primary means of creating mechanical force. Other
types of servos use hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles.
Usually, servos operate on the principle of negative feedback, where the
control input is compared to the actual position of the mechanical system as
measured by some sort of transducer at the output. Any difference between
the actual and wanted values (an "error signal") is amplified and used to
drive the system in the direction necessary to reduce or eliminate the error.

Purpose of Servomechanism

Automatic Control

Accurate control of motion without the need for human attendants.

Regulation and Self-calibration

Maintenance of accuracy with mechanical load variations, changes in the
environment, power supply fluctuations, and aging and deterioration of
components.
Power Amplification
Control of a high-power load from a low-power command signal.
Remote Control/Shaft Repeater
Control of an output from a remotely located input, without the use of
mechanical linkages.

Basic components of Servomechanism

All servomechanisms have at least these basic components: a command

device, an error detector, an error-signal amplifier, a feedback element and
a device to perform any necessary error corrections ( the servomotor ).
The command device receives information, usually from outside the
system, that represents the desired position of the controlled device. This
information is converted to a form usable by the system (such as a
voltage) and is fed to the same error detector as is the signal from the
controlled device. The error detector compares the feedback signal
(representing actual position) with the command signal (representing
desired position). Any discrepancy results in an error signal that represents
the correction necessary to bring the controlled device to its desired
position. The error-correction signal is sent to an amplifier, and the
amplified voltage is used to drive the servomotor, which repositions the
controlled device.

Importance of Servomechanism in
Engineering

As you know servomechanism is used to correct the performance of a

setup automatically, by means of error-sensing feedback. Therefore it
brought a new revolution in field of engineering. Servomechanisms were
first used in military
Such as antiaircraft radar tracking control system.

Servomechanism in Automobiles
A servo is used in automobiles to amplify the steering or braking force
applied by the driver. However, these devices are not true servos, but
rather mechanical amplifiers. Now a days electromechanical system are
used in vehicles to improve the performance and safety.

Types of Servo in Automobile:

Pneumatic
Hydraulic

Importance in automobile
Hydraulic-vacuum servo
Braking system:
servo (brake booster)

Connected with master cylinder.

Consists of 2 chambers separated by
diaphragm.
Vacuum and Air.
When pedal is pressed hydraulic from master
cylinder
enters into servo and opens the air control
valve.
The result is additional force pushing the
piston
of main brake cylinder, slight press upon
pedal
will be amplified through servo
You can check importance of servo
mechanism by your self.
Stop the engine and press the brake
pedal you will feel difficulty in it.

Position sensors in Automobile

Explaining this principle; we frequently use the steering of an automobile
as an active servo system. I don't mean the proportional hydraulic control
of the power steering system. The person behind the wheel does not
calculate how many degrees of rotation the steering wheel must be turned
for taking that five degree right hand banked turn that I'm approaching.
All of the parameters of how quickly to turn, how far to turn and when to
turn are done by feedback through the grey matter processor of the driver
monitoring if the car stays in lane. Some systems in a car now have silicon
processors doing some feedback control.

Active Body Control System

(ABC)

ABC is basically an advance chassis technology

introduced by Mercedes-Benz.
This system monitors how much car dips or lifts
during acceleration, braking n making sharp
turns.
This system will correct any problems involving
positioning of the vehicle to prevent car from
losing control.
Components:
sensors(13)
microprocessor gets information from sensors,
check whether vehicle is in safe or unsafe
situation and directs signal to hydraulic servo to
correct vehicles positioning.
hydraulic mechanism(4)(uses automatic feedback
to correct the position of vehicle with in fraction
of seconds by counter balancing the positioning).
The four spring struts are equipped with
microprocessor-controlled
plunger
cylinders
which almost completely compensate yawing,
pitching and rolling movements of the vehicle
body.

Some properties of ABC

The system also incorporates height adjustable suspension, which in this

case lowers the vehicle up to eleven millimeters between the speeds of 60
km/h (37 mph) and 160 km/h (99 mph) for better aerodynamics, fuel
consumption, and handling.
The ABC system also allows self-leveling suspension, which raises or
lowers the vehicle in response to changing load (i.e. the loading or
unloading of passengers or cargo.
etc.

Electronic Fuel Injector

All fuel injection systems include air-flow metering devices to control the
quantity of fuel discharged through throttle flow devices called "injectors.
Electric-injectors consist of a solenoid-operated valve which quantifies flow
into a nozzle from a constant pressure source by the amount of time it is
opened.
The main object of this invention is to implement "closed-loop" fuel injection
for spark-ignition engines.
An electronic fuel injection system includes an electrically-driven fuel pump
which supplies and develops the fuel pressure necessary for the system.
The fuel is injected by solenoid-operated fuel injection valves into the cylinder
intake port.
The injection valves are controlled by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) which
governs the amount of fuel injected by the length of time they stay open from
a constant pressure source.
The quantity of fuel flow only dependent upon the fuel pressure to the injector.

Electronic Fuel Injector

Conclusion
servo is a mechanical or electromechanical system for control of the
position or speed of an output. Negative feedback is incorporated to
minimize discrepancies between the output state and the input control
setting An Automatic device used to correct the performance of a
mechanism by means of an error-sensing feedback. The term
servomechanism properly applies only to systems in which the feedback
and error-correction signals control mechanical position or one of its
derivatives such as velocity or accelerations a type of control system that
automatically corrects errors in the position, velocity, or acceleration of an
object. Industry uses servomechanisms to control automatic machines
such as robots.

Potentiometer
potentiometer is an adjustable resistor which consists
of a wiper that slides across a resistive strip to deliver an
increase or decrease in resistance. The level of
resistance will determine output of current to the circuit.
A

Types of Potentiometer

Wirewoundpotentiometers
This potentiometer comprises of several rounds of
wire wound around the shaft of the nonconducting material. The turns of the coil are
bonded together by an adhesive

Carbonfilmpotentiometers
Plasticfilmpots

PRINCIPLE:

It works on variable resistance transduction principle

Linear or Rotary potentiometer is a variable resistance
displacement transducer which uses the variable resistance
transduction principle in which the displacement or rotation
is converted into a potential difference due to the
movement of sliding contact over a resistive element

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

A resistor with three terminals.

Two end terminal & one middle terminal (wiper)
Two end terminal are connected to external input voltage
One middle and one end terminal as output voltage
The slider determines the magnitude of the potential
difference developed

L V D Ts
What is an LVDT?
An LVDT is a Linear Position Sensor
With a Proportional Analog Output
An LVDT has 2 Elements, a Moving
Core and a Stationary Coil Assembly

L V D Ts
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer

Transformer: AC Input / AC Output

Differential: Natural Null Point in Middle

Variable: Movable Core, Fixed Coil

Linear: Measures Linear Position

How LVDTs Work

Working principle of LVDT

Types of LVDTs

Unguided Armature

Captive Armature

Spring-extended Armature

LVDT
Characteristic
s

DC LVDT

Photograph of LVDT