Earthquakes and

Volcanoes

Where do most earthquakes

begin?
Inside

the Lithosphere within

100km of the earths surface.
Most earthquakes occur along
the edges of tectonic plates.

 Focus

The point beneath earths

surface where rock is under stress and
breaks, triggering an earthquake.
Deformation
The bending, tilting,
and breaking of the Earths crust. Two
types: plastic (changes rock shape) and
elastic (causes earthquakes)
Epicenter
The point on the surface
directly above the focus.

 Seismic

Waves A wave of
energy that travels through the
Earth, away from an earthquake
in all directions.

 Fault

A break in the Earth's crust

along which blocks of rock move.
The release of energy that
accompanies the movement of the
rock along a fault causes an
earthquake.

How do earthquakes cause

damage?
The

severe shaking produced

by seismic waves can
damage or destroy buildings
and bridges, topple utility
poles, and fracture gas and
water mains.

 Aftershock

An earthquake
that occurs after a larger one
hours, days, or even months
later.

Pictures of Earthquake
Damage
Yes,

these pictures are interesting to

look at.
However.
Please do not forget that these are
PEOPLE who are being hurt, killed,
and made homeless because of this
destructive force.

 Tsunamis

Occurs when an
earthquake on the ocean floor
causes the floor to rise slightly,
pushing the water out of the way
which can cause these large
waves to form.

Earthquake
Earthquake
Tsunami

liquefaction

Volcanoes

Volcano

Magma

A weak spot in the

crust where molten
material, or
magma, comes to
the surface.

A molten mixture of
rock-forming
substances, gases,
and water from the
mantle.

Lava

Constructive

Magma that has

reached the
surface.

Volcanic activity is
a constructive force
that adds new rock
to existing land and
forms new islands.

Ring of Fire

Volcanoes occur in
belts that extend
across continents
and oceans. The
Ring of Fire is one
major volcanic belt
that rims the
Pacific Ocean.

Where are
volcanoes located?

Most volcanoes
occur along
diverging plate
boundaries, such as
the mid-ocean ridge,
or in subduction
zones (one plate
moving under
another) around the
edges of oceans.

Hot Spots

An area where
magma from deep
within the mantle
melts through the
crust like a blow
torch. Often found
in the middle of
plates not along
plate boundaries.

Where does
magma come
from?

Lava begins as
magma in the
mantle. It forms in
the asthenosphere.

Temperature

The hotter the

magma, the more
fluid it is.

Silica

The more silica

magma contains,
the thicker it is and
the slower it
moves. It also
determines
whether the
volcanic eruption is
quiet or explosive.

Quiet Eruptions

Magma flows out

easily because the
gases bubble out of
the magma gently.

Four main types

of lava.

Pahoehoe
Aa
Pillow
Blocky

Explosive
Eruptions

Thick magma
explodes out of
volcano instead of
flowing out.

Pyroclastic flow

Eruption hurls out

ash cinders, and
bombs as well as
gases.

Active

Dormant

Extinct

Stages of
volcanoes

 Examples

of
volcano stages
Loa, Mt.

Active Mauna
Kilauea
Dormant
Mt. St.

Yellowstone,
Helens, Mt.
Pinatubo, Mt. Fuji
Extinct Edinburgh
Castle, Mt.
Kenya, Mt.
Kilimanjaro

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=UK--hvgP2uY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WecgO8cBcZY&safe=active

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Y2Rz8A4KfXc&safe=active

Hot springs

Forms when
groundwater
heated by a nearby
body of magma
rises to the surface
and collects in a
natural pool.

Geyser

A fountain of water
and steam that
erupts from the
ground.

 http://www.youtu

be.com/watch?
v=hxPHCRx0hok
&safe=active

https://www.yout

ube.com/watch?
v=y8gLhHzPY5M

https://www.yout

ube.com/watch?
v=a9hUsVq9q7U

1. Which plate boundaries make earthquakes?

2. Which plate boundaries make volcanoes?
3. What is the correlation between plate tectonics and
events like earthquakes and volcanoes?
4. What effect does convection currents in the upper
mantle have on the crust?
5. Shelly is in Hawaii on vacation with her family. What
type of rock would she most likely find on the surface
of Hawaii?
6. How is the process of mountain building different
from that of volcanic activity?
7. The middle of tectonic plates tend to have fewer
mountains than locations near plate boundaries. How
can you explain this observation?
8. How can geologists predict events that will occur at
convergent, divergent and transform boundaries?
9. What evidence is there to support the theory of
plate tectonics?

1. Which plate boundaries make earthquakes?

All 3: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform
2. Which plate boundaries make volcanoes?
Divergent and Convergent (Continental to Oceanic)
3. What is the correlation between plate tectonics
and events like earthquakes and volcanoes?
Earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the
tectonic plate boundaries.
4. What effect does convection currents in the
upper mantle have on the crust?
Causes the movement of the Lithosphere (tectonic
plates) which causes earthquakes and volcanoes.
5. Shelly is in Hawaii on vacation with her family.
What type of rock would she most likely find on the
surface of Hawaii?
Igneous

6. How is the process of mountain building different

from that of volcanic activity?
Mountains are formed from continental plates
pushing into each other. Volcanoes are either from
subduction, rifting, or hot spots.
7. The middle of tectonic plates tend to have fewer
mountains than locations near plate boundaries.
How can you explain this observation?
Because mountains form along plate boundaries.
8. How can geologists predict events that will occur
at convergent, divergent and transform boundaries?
Because what has happened in the past will happen
again (uniformitarianism)
9. What evidence is there to support the theory of
plate tectonics?
The effects on the surface like mountains,
earthquakes, volcanoes, and continental drift.