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DJJ3213 MATERIAL
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CHAPTER 2
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Atomic Structure
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Atom
All materials available to us are made of tiny
particles called atoms.
Atom is a small particle consist of proton,
electron and neutron.
Remember!
Atom= Nucleus (protons, neutrons) +
electrons
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DJJ3213 MATERIAL
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Element
An element is a substance consisting of atoms
which all have the same number of protons - i.e.
the same atomic number. Elements are pure
substances (are made from one type of atom
only).
Examples of elements: carbon, aluminum, iron,
copper, gold etc.
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Mixture
Substances that are made from more
than one type of atom combined
physically but not chemically are called
mixtures.
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Compound
Compounds are substances consisting of two or more
elements chemically combined in definite proportions by
mass to give a material having a definite set of properties
different from that of any of its constituent elements.
Compounds can only be separated by chemical means.
Examples of compounds: NaCl, MgO, H2O
Example 1: Water
Hydrogen is an element. Oxygen is an
element.
When hydrogen and oxygen bond they make
the compound water (H2O).
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Element Periodic Table (EPT)
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Atomic Number
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Atomic Mass
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Atomic Mass
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Importance of Element Periodic
Table
The periodic table is important because it is organized
to provide a lot of information about elements:
The table can be used to predict properties of
elements, even those that have not been
discovered.
Columns (groups) and rows (periods) indicate
elements that share similar characteristics.
The table makes trends in element properties
apparent.
The table provides important information used to
balance chemical equations.
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Atomic Bonding
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Atomic Bonding
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Atomic Bonding
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Primary Bonds
3 types of primary bonds:
a) Ionic bonding
b) Covalent bonding
c) Metallic bonding
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Ionic Bonding
It is always found in compounds that are composed of
both metallic and nonmetallic elements.
Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their
valence electrons to the nonmetallic atoms.
The attractive bonding forces are coulombic; that is,
positive and negative ions, by virtue of their net
electrical charge, attract one another.
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Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is termed nondirectional, that is, the
magnitude of the bond is equal in all directions
around an ion.
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Covalent Bonding
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Metallic Bonding
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Metallic Bonding
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Secondary Bonds
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Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonding, a special type of secondary
bonding, is found to exist between some molecules
that have hydrogen as one of the constituents.
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Dipole Bonds
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Crystal Structures
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Crystal Structures
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Crystal Structures
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Simple Cubic
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Body Centered Cubic
(BCC)
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Face Centered Cubic
(FCC)
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Hexagonal Close Packed
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End of chapter 2