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Page 3
Chapter 1
The Demand for Audit and Other
Assurance Services
Company
Owners
and
Lenders
Company
Managers
Presentation Outline
I. The Nature of Auditing
II. Auditing and Investor Risk
III. Assurance Services
IV. Requirements for CPA Certification
A. Auditing Defined
B. The Distinction Between Accounting and Auditing
C. Types of Audits
D. Types of Auditors
A. Auditing Defined
Auditor
accumulates and
evaluates evidence
to ascertain correspondence between
the information
and
established
criteria
C. Types of Audits
Operational Audit
Involves evaluation of any part of an organizations
operating efficiency and effectiveness.
Not limited to accounting areas.
Compliance Audit
Determine whether the auditee has complied with specific
procedures, rules, or regulations set by some higher
authority.
Financial Statement Audit
Determine whether overall financial statements are stated in
accordance with specified criteria.
Generally accepted accounting principles are normally the
criteria, although other basis of accounting are at times
used.
D. Types of Auditors
A. Assurance Services
Decision makers seek assurance
regarding the reliability
information they use to make
decisions.
Assurance services are valued
because the assurance provider
is perceived as an independent
and unbiased evaluator of
information.
Assurance services can be
provided by CPAs and a variety
of other professionals.
B. Attestation Services
Many other assurance services do not meet the criteria of attestation
services: a CPA who issues a report about the reliability of an
assertion that is the responsibility of another party. There are
four categories of attestation services.
ASSURANCE SERVICES
ATTESTATION
SERVICES
1. Audits of historical financial statements
2. Effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting
3. Review of historical financial statements
4. Other attestation services
Many nonpublic
companies want to
provide assurance on their
financial statements
without incurring the cost
of an audit.
In comparison to an audit,
less evidence is necessary
to support the level of
assurance provided by a
review.
OTHER
ASSURANCE
SERVICES
D. Non-Assurance Services
CPAs also provide nonassurance services
including:
Accounting and
bookkeeping
Taxes
Management consulting
A. Educational Requirement
B. Uniform CPA Examination Requirement
C. Experience Requirement
A. Educational Requirement
Normally, an
undergraduate degree
with a major in
accounting.
Some states require
150 semester hours
before the exam can
be taken. Others
require the hours
before certification.
C. Experience Requirement
Varies among states
from no experience to
2 years experience.
Some states include
experience for
working for
governmental units or
in internal auditing.
Summary
The Audit Process
Types of Audits and Auditors
Risk and the Need for Auditing
Assurance and Attestation
Becoming a CPA