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held together
by sharing
electrons are
joined by a
Covalent
Bond.
2. Covalent bonds-
electrons.
Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Atom
Properties
Molecular compounds tend to have
relatively lower melting and boiling points
than ionic compounds.
Many are gases or liquids at room
temperature.
Most are formed from atoms of two or more
nonmetals.
Molecular Formulas
A molecular formula is the chemical
formula of a molecular compound.
It shows how many atoms of each element
a molecule contains.
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
1 Carbon Atom
2 Oxygen Atoms
Bonding
Covalent bonding
So
what
are
covalent
bonds?
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
But rather than losing or gaining
electrons,
atoms now share an electron pair.
Chlorine
forms
a
covalent
bond
with
itself
Cl2
Cl
Cl
How
will
two
chlorine
atoms
react?
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
do to achieve an octet?
Cl
Cl
do to achieve an octet?
Cl Cl
octet
Cl Cl
octet
Cl Cl
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
Cl Cl
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
Cl Cl
This is the bonding pair
Cl Cl
It is a single bonding pair
Cl Cl
It is called a SINGLE BOND
Cl Cl
Single bonds are abbreviated
with a dash
Cl Cl
This is the chlorine molecule,
Cl2
O2
Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules
O O
Both electron pairs are shared.
O O
6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
O O
6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
O O
two bonding pairs,
making a double bond
O O O =O
For convenience, the double bond
can be shown as two dashes.
O =O
This is the oxygen molecule,
O2
this
is so
cool!
!
O O
Sharing Two Pairs of electrons
Two Covalent Bonds
A Double Bond
O O
A Double Bond can be
represented by a double line
Nitrogen
N N
Sharing Three Pairs of electrons
Three Covalent Bonds
A Triple Bond
N N
A Triple Bond can be
represented by a Triple line
Endothermic/Exothermic
In chemical reactions, bonds are broken,
then new bonds are formed
Endothermic
More energy is required to break the old
bonds than is released by the formation of
new bonds
Energy is taken in (colder)
Exothermic
More energy is released when forming new
bonds than is used to break the old bonds
Energy is given off (hotter)
resonance
INTRODUCTION
A) Lewis structures do not indicate the three
dimensional shape of a molecule. They do not
show the arrangement space of the atoms,
what we call the molecular geometry or
molecular structure.
B) Molecules have definite shapes and the
shape of a molecule controls some of its
chemical and physical properties.
Bond Formation
A bond can result from an overlap of
atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms.
Cl
H Cl
Double and
even triple
bonds are
commonly
observed for C,
N, P, O, and S
C2F4
O
O
H2CO
SO3
C
C
O
O
Some Common
Geometries
Linear
Trigonal Planar
Tetrahedr
al
Structure Determination by
VSEPR
Water, H2O
H O H
2 bond
pairs
2 lone
pairs
The
The molecular
molecular
geometry
geometry is
is
BENT
BENT..
The
The electron
electron pair
pair
geometry
geometry is
is
TETRAHEDRAL
TETRAHEDRAL
Structure Determination by
VSEPR
Ammonia, NH3
The electron pair geometry is tetrahedral.
N
H
lonepairofelectrons
intetrahedralposition
H
Bond Polarity
HCl is POLAR because it has a
positive end and a negative
end. (difference in
electronegativity)
H Cl
Bond Polarity
This is why oil and water will not mix!
Oil is nonpolar, and water is polar.
The two will repel each other, and so
you can not dissolve one in the other
Bond Polarity
Like Dissolves Like
Polar dissolves
Polar
Nonpolar
dissolves
Nonpolar
Electronegativity
Difference
If the difference in electronegativities is
between:
1.7 to 4.0: Ionic
0.3 to 1.7: Polar Covalent
0.0 to 0.3: Non-Polar Covalent
Example: NaCl
Na = 0.8, Cl = 3.0
Difference is 2.2, so
this is an ionic bond!
Diatomic Elements
These elements do not exist as a single atom;
they always appear as pairs
When atoms turn into ions, this NO LONGER
HAPPENS!
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Remember:
BrINClHOF
Dipole-Dipole
Two polar molecules align so that + and - are
matched (electrostatic attraction)
Ex: ethane (C2H6) vs. fluromethane (CH3F)
Occurs when polar molecules are attracted to one
another.
The slightly region of a polar molecule is weakly
attracted to the slightly positive region of another
polar molecule.
Similar to but much weaker than ionic bonds.
Dispersion Forces
The weakest of all molecular interactions,
are caused by the motion of electrons.
Dispersion is the ONLY intermolecular attraction
that occurs between non-polar molecules
Review
Dipole
between two polar molecules
Dispersionbetween two non-polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonding
STRONGEST Intermolecular Force!!
A special type of dipole-dipole attraction
Bonds form due to the polarity of water.
Ice
Liquid
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/water/1/images/penny.jpg
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/SoapDisruptsWater.jpg
http://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/micelle.jpg
Review of Valence
Electrons
Review
Review of
of Valence
Valence Electrons
Electrons
Remember from the electron
chapter that valence electrons are
the electrons in the OUTERMOST
energy level thats why we did
all those electron configurations!
B is 1s2 2s2 2p1; so the outer
energy level is 2, and there are
2+1 = 3 electrons in level 2.
These are the valence electrons!
Br is [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
How many valence electrons are
present?
Cl
shared or
bond pair