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Heat Pumps
Heat Pump
A heat pump is basically a device that transfers heat from one substance
to another substance.
Heat pump is generally reserved for equipment that heats for beneficial
purposes, rather than that which removes heat for cooling only.
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where
Heat Pump
This is the most common type used in both HVAC and industrial
processes.
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This cycle is useful where large quantities of heat are wasted and
where energy costs are high.
The heat pump portion of the cycle may be either open or closed, but
the Rankine cycle is usually closed.
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The use is non consumptive and, with proper design, only the water
temperature changes.
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The ground is used extensively as a heat source and sink, with heat
transfer through buried coils.
Soil composition, which varies widely from wet clay to sandy soil, has
a predominant effect on thermal properties and expected overall
performance. The heat transfer process in soil depends on transient
heat flow.
Thermal diffusivity is a dominant factor and is difficult to
determine without local soil data.
Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of thermal conductivity to the
product of density and specific heat.
The soil moisture content influences its thermal conductivity.
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The same surface may then serve as a condenser using outdoor air
as a heat sink for cooling.
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Indoor Coil
But, an indoor coil always heats and cools the indoor supply air.
The heat rejected from the condenser raises the temperature of the
conditioned supply air.
For heat pumps using halocarbon refrigerants, the indoor coil is usually
made from copper tubing and corrugated aluminum fins.
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Outdoor Coil
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Reversing Valve
Compressor.
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The most common types are thermal expansion valves (TXV), electronic
expansion valves, and capillary tubes.
Expansion valves, such as the TXV, have the added capability of metering
the quantity of refrigerant flowing through the cycle in order to match the
load to enhance the efficiency of the cycle.
TXVs used in heat pumps may be bi-directional (that is, refrigerant flows
in one direction when in cooling mode and in the opposite direction when in
heating mode).
Another way is to design the refrigerant piping inside the heat pump to
ensure that refrigerant flow through the valve is in the same direction in
either mode.
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Cooling Mode
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For split packaged air-source heat pumps, indoor coils are located
inside the building and outdoor coils are mounted outdoors.
When an on/off control is used for the compressor, during the off
period, refrigerant tends to migrate from the warmer outdoor coil
to the cooler indoor coil in summer and from the warmer indoor
coil to the cooler outdoor coil during winter.
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The waste fluid can be introduced directly into the heat pump
evaporator after waste filtration, or it can be taken from a
storage tank, depending on the application.
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These heat pumps use water as the heat source and sink for cooling and
heating.
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The water flows through the inner tube and refrigerant flows
through the outer tube.
The water flowing through the inner tube absorbs heat from the
refrigerant flowing through the outer tube.
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In the heat recovery mode => saves energy by reducing the operating
time of the cooling tower and boiler.
The same piece of equipment is used to provide both cooling and heating
to the space. Even though a separate cooling tower and boiler may be
included in the system, only one set of water pipes is required. This can
reduce the system installation cost.
If one heat pump fails and must be replaced, it does not affect the
operation of the rest of the system.
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ventilation
system.
Next, because a heat pump is located in, or very close to, the
occupied space and contains both a compressor and a fan, the
resulting noise level in the space must be considered during
system design.
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Ground loop
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During warm weather, when all the heat pumps are operating
in cooling mode, heat removed from the air is transferred to
the water loop.
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During cold weather, when most of the heat pumps are operating
in heating mode, heat is removed from the water loop and
transferred to the air.
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During mild weather, such as spring and fall, the heat pumps serving
the sunny side and interior of the building operate in cooling mode and
reject heat into the water loop.
The heat pumps serving the shady side of the building operate in
heating mode and absorb heat from the water loop.
If the water temperature stays between 16C and 32C, neither the
boiler nor the cooling tower need to operate.
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During the summer, the heat pumps absorb heat from the building
and store it in the ground.
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When the building cooling load causes the temperature of the water loop to
rise, heat is transferred from the water, flowing through the buried pipes,
to the cooler earth.
Conversely, when the temperature of the water loop begins to fall, the
water flowing through the buried pipes absorbs heat from the earth.
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The pipes that make up the ground heat exchanger can be oriented
in a vertical or horizontal pattern.
Vertical loops
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The pipes are placed in trenches, typically 1.8 m deep and spaced
1.8 to 4.6 m apart.
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