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Forces
AP Physics C
Electric Charge
Charge is a property of subatomic particles.
Facts about charge:
There are basically 2 types: positive (protons)
and negative (electrons)
LIKE charges REPEL and OPPOSITE
charges ATTRACT
Charges are symbolic of fluids in that they
can be in 2 states, STATIC or DYNAMIC.
Particle
Charge
Mass
Proton
1.6x10-19 C
1.67 x10-27 kg
Electron
1.6x10-19 C
9.11 x10-31 kg
Neutron
1.67 x10-27 kg
Charge is CONSERVED
Charge cannot be
created or destroyed
only transferred from
one object to another.
Even though these 2
charges attract initially,
they repel after
touching. Notice the
NET charge stays the
same.
We bring a negatively charged rod near a neutral sphere. The protons in the sphere
localize near the rod, while the electrons are repelled to the other side of the sphere. A
wire can then be brought in contact with the negative side and allowed to touch the
GROUND. The electrons will always move towards a more massive objects to increase
separation from other electrons, leaving a NET positive sphere behind.
Electric Force
The electric force between 2 objects is symbolic of the gravitational force between 2
objects. RECALL:
Fg Mm
FE q1q2
FE
1
r2
1
Fg 2
r
FE
q1q2
r2
1
constant of proportionality
4 o
FE
1 q1q2
q1q2
k
Coulomb' s Law
2
2
4 o r
r
FE mg
q1q2
q1q2
k 2 mg r k
r
mg
Fe
e
mg
e
r=?
19 2
(
1
.
6
x
10
)
9
(8.99 x10 )
31
(9.11x10 )(9.8)
5.1 m
Fon 3 due to 1
5m
Fon 3 due to 2
= tan-1(3/4)
q3
= 37
Example Cont
4m
q2
3m
q1
q3
Fon 3 due to 1
5m
Fon 3 due to 2
= tan-1(3/4)
F3, 2
F3, 2
q3
= 37
F3,1sin37
F3,1cos37
F
F
F
3.18 x10 9 N
Fresultant ( Fx ) 2 ( Fy ) 2
Fres
7.34x10-9 N
Direction tan 1 (
F
F
Example
Two weights of mass m = 0.25 kg are attached to separate strings of
length L = 0.4 m and hung from a common point on the ceiling. When a
charge "q" is placed on each mass, the masses repulse and swing out
away from one another forming an angle of 22 degrees. What is the
charge q?
L sin r / 2
L sin 0.4 sin 11 0.076 m
r 0.153 m
T cos mg
11
11
L=0.4m
FE
mg
T sin FE
q2
FE mg tan k 2
r
mg tan r 2
0.25(9.8) tan(11)(0.153) 2
q
k
8.99 x109
q 1.11 x 10-6 C or 1.11C
Electric Fields
By definition, the are
LINES OF FORCE
Some important facts:
An electric field is a
vector
Always is in the direction
that a POSITIVE test
charge would move
The amount of force
PER test charge
Example
An electron and proton are each placed at rest in an external field
of 520 N/C. Calculate the speed of each particle after 48 ns
FE
FE
E
520
What do we know
q
1.6 x10 19
me=9.11 x 10
-31
kg
FE 8.32 x10-17 N
FNet ma
qboth=1.6 x10
FE me a (9.11x10 31 )a
-19
FE FNet
vo = 0 m/s
FE m p a (1.67 x10 27 )a
E = 520 N/C
v vo at
t = 48 x 10-9 s
ve ae (48 x10 9 )
v p a p (48 x10 9 )
9.13x1013 m/s/s
4.98 x1010 m/s/s
As we have discussed, all charges exert forces on other charges due to a field around
them. Suppose we want to know how strong the field is at a specific point in space
near this charge the calculate the effects this charge will have on other charges
should they be placed at that point. Likewise for a very small amount of charge.
Qq
FE k 2
r
Qq
Eq k 2
r
TEST CHARGE
POINT CHARGE
Epoint charge
FE
E
FE Eq
q
kQ
2
r
Q
dq
E
dE
2
4 o r
4 o r 2
Example
A -4x10-12C charge Q is placed at the origin. What is the
magnitude and direction of the electric field produced
by Q if a test charge were placed at x = -0.2 m ?
kQ
9 ( 4 x10
E 2 8.99 x10
2
r
.2
Emag 0.899 N/C
Edir
12
)
0.2 m
E
-Q
E
Remember, our equations will only give us MAGNITUDE. And the electric
field LEAVES POSITIVE and ENTERS NEGATIVE.
There must be a
positive charge on
this side
There must be a
negative charge on
this side OR this
side was induced
positive due to the
other side being
negative.
Extended Charge
All
we have done so far has been dealing with specific POINTS in
Distributions
space. What if we are dealing with an OBJECT that has a
continuous amount of charge over its surface?
Extended Charge
We begin by defining a differential charge dq at
Distributions
some arbitrary position on the loop. This differential
amount of charge will produce a differential
r electric field dE at x=b
dEcos
dEsin
dE
Extended Charge
What is r, the separation distance from the dq to point b?
Distributions
R
dEcos
b
dEsin
dE
r R b r ( R ) (b ) ( R b )
2
sin
R
(R b )
2
cos
b
(R b )
2
Extended Charge
r R b r
Distributions
R
r
sin
(R2 b2 )
( R 2 ) (b 2 ) ( R 2 b 2 )
cos
b
(R 2 b2 )
dEcos
dEsin
dE
1 dq
b
dE x dE cos (
)(
)
1
2
2
2
4 o r ( R b ) 2
1
dq
b
dE x (
)(
)
1
2
2
4 o ( R b ) ( R 2 b 2 ) 2
dE x (
dq b
4 o ( R b )
2
)
2
Extended Charge
1 dq
b
How do we know we did it
Distributions
dE
dE cos (
)(
)
4 r
x
(R b )
1
dq
b
dE x (
)(
)
1
2
2
4 o ( R b ) ( R 2 b 2 ) 2
dq b
dE x (
)
3
4 o ( R 2 b 2 ) 2
2
E x (dE x ) (
Ex
b
4 o ( R 2 b 2 )
Qb
4 o ( R b )
2
) dq
right?
Qb
Q
Ex
3
4 o (b )
4 ob 2
It is the SAME equation as that of a point charge!
Extended Charge
that for an insulating disk the
DistributionsAssume
charge is distributed throughout its area. We
must use the SAME technique to derive the
moments of inertia. Except, instead of the
mass being distributed, it is the CHARGE.
Q
Q
Macro 2
A R
dq
dq
Micro
dA 2rdx (or dr )
dq 2rdr
Extended Charge
1
dE dE cos (
Distributions
4
x
dE x (
dE x (
dq
b
)(
)
s 2 (r 2 b 2 ) 12
1
dq
b
)(
)
4 o (r 2 b 2 ) ( r 2 b 2 ) 1 2
dq b
4 o ( r b )
2
)
2
2b
r
E x dE x
dr
3
2
2 2
4
o 0 (r b )
0
R
Q
Q
2
A R
dq
dq
Micro
dA 2rdx (or dr )
dq 2rdr
Macro
2b R
r
E x dE x
dr
3
2
2
4 o 0 (r b ) 2
0
R
Ex
b 1
1
(
) |0R
1
2 o b (r 2 b 2 ) 2
Extended Charge
2b
r
Distributions
E dE
dr
4 o
(r b )
2
b 1
1
R
Ex
(
)
|
0
2 o b (r 2 b 2 ) 1 2
b 1
1
Ex
[(
) (0)]
1
2
2
2 o b ( R b ) 2
b 1
1
Ex
[(
)
1
2 o b ( R 2 b 2 ) 2
b 1
1
1
(
),
0
1
2
2 o b ( R 2 0 2 ) 2
Ex
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Q
Macro
L
dq
Micro
dl
dq dl dy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 dq
x
)(
)
1
2
2
2
4 o r ( x y ) 2
1
dq
x
dE x (
)(
)
1
2
2
2
2
2
4 o ( x y ) ( x y )
dE x dE cos (
dq dl dy
dE x (
dq x
4 o ( x y )
2
)(
dyx
4 o ( x y )
2
)
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
x
E x dE x
4 o
L
dq
Micro
dl
dq dl dy
Macro
(y
1
2
x2 )
dy
2
x 2
( 2)
, if x r
4 o x
2 o x
By making x = r, we are
Ex
saying this is the electric
2 o r
Ex
direction?
E y dE y
4 o
(y
x )
2
dy
The equation is identical except for HOW you solve the integration. In the
horizontal we could bring the x out because it was constant. In this case, the
y CANNOT be brought out as the dq varies in height above and below the
origin. So the y is a CHANGING variable.
E y ZERO!
The y components CANCEL out above an below the rod. The
ones below the origin extend upward and the ones above the rod
extend downwards. The symmetry CAUSES the components to
cancel out.
In summary
All of the electric charge distributions were derived from that of a
point charge.
Q
dq
Distributions can produce different
functions depending on whether the charge
is distributed over a LENGTH, AREA, or
VOLUME.
Function
Point, hoop,
or Sphere
(Volume)
Equation
Q
E
4 o r 2
4 o r
Disk or Sheet
(AREA)
E
2 o
dE
4 o r 2
Line, rod, or
cylinder
(LINEAR)
2 o r