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ME 4490
Prof. E. Ilksoy
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy
Energy Sources
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Fatman73/Fotolia
All fossil fuels are considered to be nonrenewable resources because they are
being consumed at a much faster rate than
they are replenished.
subbituminous
bituminous
Moisture content
anthracite
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Leonid Ikan/Fotolia
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One Solution
Renewable energy sources
cause minimal pollution,
dont cause global warming
and are locally available
The conversion of energy from one form to another often affects the environment
and the air we breathe in many ways, and thus the study of energy is not complete
without considering its impact on the environment.
Pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for smog,
acid rain, and global warming.
The environmental pollution has reached such high levels that it became a serious
threat to vegetation, wild life, and human health.
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Smog: Made up mostly of ground-level ozone (O3), but it also contains numerous other
chemicals, including carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter such as soot and dust,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, butane, and other hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react in the presence of sunlight on hot calm days to
form ground-level ozone.
Ozone irritates eyes and damages the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged, causing eventual hardening of this soft and spongy tissue.
It also causes shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue, headaches, and nausea, and
aggravates respiratory problems such as asthma.
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Acid Rain
The sulfur in the fuel reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is an
air pollutant.
The main source of SO2 is the electric power plants that burn high-sulfur coal.
Motor vehicles also contribute to SO2 emissions since gasoline and diesel fuel
also contain small amounts of sulfur.
The Greenhouse
Effect: Global
Warming
A 1995 report: The earth has already warmed about 0.5C during the last
century, and they estimate that the earths temperature will rise another 2C
by the year 2100.
A rise of this magnitude can cause severe changes in weather patterns with
storms and heavy rains and flooding at some parts and drought in others,
major floods due to the melting of ice at the poles, loss of wetlands and
coastal areas due to rising sea levels, and other negative results.
Improved energy efficiency, energy conservation, and using renewable
energy sources help minimize global warming.
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Pollution
Global Warming
Throughout history, the earth has been
much colder, and at times warmer, than it is
now
But climate change is occurring 100s of times
faster than these natural changes
CO2, CH4, N2O, O3 and soot all cause warming
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Solar 11 - 40 /kWh
depending on the
technology
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Sustainable Energy
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Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Wave
Tidal
Geothermal
Bio-mass
Nuclear energy
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Nuclear Energy
Currently, all reactors that produce useful energy use the fission process
in which the release of neutrons keeps the process going in a chain
reaction.
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Nuclear Energy
A basic pressurized water reactor (PWR) uses the standard Rankine cycle
to convert heat energy to mechanical motion.
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Nuclear Energy
An artist rendition of a
Tokamak reaction chamber
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http://home.doe.gov/articles/lab-breakthrough-neutron-science-fusion-mission
Nuclear Energy
Environmental effects for all fission reactors
include potential and actual accidents and
radioactive waste disposal requiring very long
term storage.
Source: NREL
General
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General
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Passive Solar
Uses sun angles,
shading and
thermal storage
Daylighting is using
natural sunlight
instead of electric
lights
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Solar Electric
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ar Thermal
Heat from the sun can be
used to heat water, houses,
pools, in industry and to
generate electricity
Solar Cookers
Many different
designs
Solar Cars?
Hybrid and Electric
cars are coming
Why not solar
charge them?
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Source: NREL
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Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
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Wind
Wind turbines modern windmills
have become quite efficient and cost
effective in windy areas
Source: NREL
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Source:3TIER
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Source: NREL
Geothermal Resources
Geothermal is heat generated within the earth primarily from radioactive
decay. The best resources are along tectonic boundaries where it can be
used for driving steam generators and provide baseline power.
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Source: NREL
Geothermal Resources
Geothermal Resources
Plate tectonics is a geological theory that
explains how the earths surface moves and
changes over time. The outer surface of the
earth is divided into plates that form the
lithosphere. The best spots for geothermal
energy tend to be near plate boundaries.
Geothermal Resources
Source: NREL
In the U.S., the best geothermal sites tend to be in the west as shown on
the geothermal resource map.
Geothermal Resources
Environmental effects of Geothermal plants
Source: NREL
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Renewable Energy Systems
David Buchla | Thomas Kissell | Thomas Floyd
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wood chips
waste from the paper industry
agricultural waste
organic and food waste
various crops grown for fuels
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Source: NREL
Source: NREL
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Water Energy
Hydro-electric, wave, tide
Hydroelectric Resources
Hydroelectric resources broadly covers any source that converts the
energy in moving or falling water into electricity. As such, the water is
considered to be a prime mover.
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Source: http://www.usbr.gov/mp/2010_accomp_rpt/highlights/index.htm
Hydroelectric Resources
The location of hydroelectric power plants in the U.S. principally is in
mountainous regions.
Hydroelectric Resources
In addition to large storage dams, there are dams used in rivers in systems
called run of the river systems (ROR). In a few coastal locations, a tidal
barrage dam is used to trap water from tides and generate power by
releasing it through turbines.
Source: NREL
Hydroelectric Resources
There is a tremendous reservoir of low quality heat in the oceans. Warm
surface waters can boil ammonia, which is condensed by deeper cold
water to drive a turbine.
Hydroelectric Resources
Environmental issues with dams:
2 Last Thoughts
It has been
estimated that we
can improve the
way we use
energy by a factor
of 4!
Catagenesis
Diagenesis
Diffuse
horizontal
irradiance
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
true/false quiz
Answers:
1.F
2.T
3.T
4.F
5.F
6.F
7.T
8.T
9.F
10. T
Basic Concepts
Force, Energy, Power
Energy Conservation: First Law of
Thermodynamics
Forms of Energy
Conversion and efficiency
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