Introduction to

Programming

Information System in
business

Information System is a
combination of technology and
people to:

Collect data
Store data
Transform data into information

Data and Information

Data is a raw facts that collected

and stored by IS

Numbers, alphabets, dates, amounts,etc

Information is data that has been

processed into a usable
meaningful form

Reports, documents, charts

Data and Information

Input

Data

System / IS
Processing

Output

Information

Software

Software

Program

Controls the operation of the computer

System Software, Application Software,
Programming Languages
List of step by step instruction to the
computer.

Programming

Process of creating a program

Software Development

Is the process of creating a new

information system or updating an
existing one
Four steps in software
development

Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation

Six Basic Computer

Operations

Input Data
Store Data
Perform Arithmetic Operation
Make decisions
Repeat Operations
Output data

Computer Operation
Data

Memory

Processor/Processing
3
4 Chip
5
Perform
Make
Repeat
Arithmetic Decisions Operation/s

Information

Programs and
Programming

The computer only knows what is

told through programs, so they
must be accurate and very
specific.
The process of creating programs
is programming.
A program follows a step-by-step
logic algorithm to solve a
problem.
Note: never a attempt to program before

Control Structures

Control Structure is the logic

behind the program.

Sequence: Input, Storage, Arithmetic

and output
Decision: comparing two values an
selecting one.
Repetition: Going through loop

Programming Language

is a set of restricted vocabulary and

structured syntax that a computer can
understand
is a language used to write computer
programs, which involve a computer
performing some kind of computation or
algorithm and possibly control external
devices such as printers, robots, and so
on.

Programming Language

Level of Computer Languages

Low level : at the level of the computer

Intermediate Level : close to computer

language but uses English language

Binary format

Assembler

High Level: at the level of programmer

using English words and clearly defined
syntax

Translated to binary to implement it

Need software program for conversion

Programming Language
Graphical Representation
Total = 0
A=1
B=2
Total = A + B

Translation
Program

0110101011
0100101
01011010
01010010

High level to Binary

Interpreted

Compiled

Translated each statement as it is

executed
The entire program is converted to
binary form.

VB is interpreted during creation

and testing but can be compiled
into an .exe file.

Programming Language

Types of Computer Language

Procedural: Monolithic program that

runs from the start to finish with no
intervention from user other than
input.

C
Basic

Object Oriented/Event Driven:

programs that use objects which
responds to events;

Visual Basic

Object Oriented/ Event

Driven Programming

OOED uses objects

OOED is easier to work with

Properties
Methods
Events

OOED Programming
Process

The six process for writing an

OOED computer program:

Define problem
Create Interface
Develop Logic Actions for objects
Write and test code for action objects
Test overall project
Document project in writing

OOED Programming
Process

Step One: Define Problem

Define the problem clearly

This may involve a study of the problem
to understand the input and outputs
Identify the data to be input to the
program and the results to be output
from it
Sketching the interface
Denote input and output as well as action
objects

OOED Programming
Process

Step One: Define Problem

Boks Video Rental
Input

Price
Taxes
Amount due

Calculate
Action
Objects

Output

Log-out

OOED Programming
Process

Step Two: Create Interface

Once you have define the problem and

sketched the interface, you are ready to
create the interface of the program.
For Boks Video Rental

Textboxes
Buttons
Labels

OOED Programming
Process

Step Two: Create Interface

OOED Programming
Process

Step Three: Develop logic for

Action Objects

Logic: step by step process of solving a

problem
What each object should do in response
to an event
Use Input/Processing/Output (IPO) Table
or Pseudocode to develop the logic.
IPO Table: program that show inputs,
outputs and processing to convert inputs
to outputs

Develop logic for Action

Objects

Using IPO Table for Calculate

Button
Input

Video Price

Processing
Taxes = 0.70 x Price
Amount Due = Price
+ Taxes

Outpu
t

Taxes

Amount Due

Develop logic for Action

Objects

Using Pseudocode

Pseudocode is a program written in

English (natural) language rather than
computer language.
A Pseudocode program is useful for
two reasons:

The programmer may use it to structure

the algorithmic logic in writing
It provides a relatively direct link between
the algorithm and the computer program.

Develop logic for Action

Objects

1.
2.
3.

4.

Using Pseudocode
Input Video Price
Taxes = 0.70 x Video Price
Amount Due = Video Price +
Taxes
Output Taxes and Amount Due

OOED Programming
Process

Step Four: Write and Test Codes for

Action Objects

Convert the logic into computer

languages
Test each code for each action object
as they are created
Debugging removing bugs

Write and Test Codes for Action

Objects

VB Code for Calculate Button

Private Sub cmdCalculate_Click()

Dim Price as currency
Dim Taxes as currency
Dim Amount_due as currency
Price = txtprice.text
Taxes = 0.70 * Price
Amount_Due = Price + Taxes
TxtTaxes.text = Taxes
TxtAmountDue.text = Amount_Due
End Sub

OOED Programming
Process

Step Five: Test Overall Project

Test the the program in the actual

environment and on the actual data.

OOED Programming
Process

Step Six: Document Project in

Writing

Documentation includes the pictorial and

written description of the program or
software

End of the
Presentation
Part 1

Introducing Computer
Science:
The Study of Algorithms

Goals
By the end of this lecture you should

Understand the role of a computer

as a tool in Computer Science.
Understand Computer Science as
the study of algorithms.
Be able to identify how algorithms
are developed & evaluated.

The Computer as a Tool

Much like the microscope does not

define biology or the test tube
does not define chemistry, the
computer doesn't define Computer
Science.
The computer is a tool by which
Computer Scientists accomplish
their goals to solve problems.

What is Computer
Science?

NOT about coding or hardware or

software!
Computer Science is about
PROBLEM SOLVING
Computer Science is about
DEVELOPING ALGORITHMS to
solve complex problems

What is Computer
Science?

described as the systematic study of

algorithmic processes that create,
describe, & transform data into
information.
study of the theoretical foundations
of information and computation, and
of practical techniques for their
implementation and application in
computer systems

What is an Algorithm?

A sequence of unambiguous
instructions for solving a problem,
i.e., for obtaining a required output
for any legitimate input in a finite
amount of time.
Algorithms are used for
calculation, data processing
list of well-defined instructions for
completing a task

What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a well-developed,
organized approach to solving a
complex problem.
Computer Scientists ask
themselves four critical
questions when they evaluate
algorithms

Algorithm Questions

Does the algorithm solve the

stated problem?
Is the algorithm well-defined?
Does the algorithm produce an
output?
Does the algorithm end in a
reasonable length of time?

Developing an Algorithm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Identify the Inputs

Identify the Processes
Identify the Outputs
Develop a HIPO Chart
Identify modules

1. Identify the Inputs

What data do I need?

How will I get the data?
In what format will the data be?

2. Identify the Processes

How can I manipulate data to

produce meaningful results?
Data vs. Information

3. Identify the Outputs

What outputs do I need to return to

the user?
What format should the outputs
take?

4. Develop a HIPO Chart

Hierarchy of Inputs Processes & Outputs

5. Identify Relevant
Modules

How can I break larger problems

into smaller, more manageable
pieces?
What inputs do the modules need?
What processes need to happen in
the modules?
What outputs are produced by the
modules?

Importance of Algorithm

Using an algorithm in planning for a

solution helps in several ways:
First, it allows the individual to see
things in a wider perspective thereby
weeding through all other possible
solutions to pick the best one. Since in
coming up with an algorithm the
individual is not stuck with using a
specific language, the person may use
whatever tool (i.e. flowchart, layman's
term, etc.) that is comfortable; putting
emphasis on how to go about solving an

Importance of Algorithm

Second, algorithms serve as the

framework to which the actual
solution is patterned after. This guides
the individual in the process of
deriving the solution, thus saving
time and effort as compared to
having one jump immediately to this
stage without any plan.

Importance of Algorithm

Lastly, algorithms can become

generic templates to which other
issues may refer to for solutions. If
properly documented or easily
recalled, an algorithm used to solve
one problem can guide the individual
in resolving another one of similar
nature.

Properties of Algorithm
1) Finiteness: - an algorithm terminates
after a finite numbers of steps.
2) Definiteness: - each step in algorithm is
unambiguous. This means that the
action specified by the step cannot be
interpreted (explain the meaning of) in
multiple ways & can be performed
without any confusion.
3) Input:- an algorithm accepts zero or
more inputs

Properties of Algorithm

4) Output:- it produces at least one

output.
5) Effectiveness:- it consists of
basic instructions that are
realizable. This means that the
instructions can be performed by
using the given inputs in a finite
amount of time.